Editing Materialism (section)

===Contemporary history===
{{See also|Contemporary philosophy}}

====Analytic philosophy====
{{see also|Physicalism|Scientific materialism}}
Contemporary [[analytic philosopher]]s (e.g. [[Daniel Dennett]], [[Willard Van Orman Quine]], [[Donald Davidson (philosopher)|Donald Davidson]], and [[Jerry Fodor]]) operate within a broadly physicalist or [[scientific materialist]] framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate the [[mind]], including [[functionalism (philosophy of mind)|functionalism]], [[anomalous monism]], and [[identity theory of mind|identity theory]].<ref name="StandfordEM">Ramsey, William. [2003] 2019. "[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/materialism-eliminative/#SpeProFolPsy Eliminative Materialism § Specific Problems With Folk Psychology]" (rev.). ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''.</ref>

Scientific materialism is often synonymous with, and has typically been described as, a [[reductive materialism]]. In the early 21st century, [[Paul Churchland|Paul]] and [[Patricia Churchland]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Churchland |first1=P. S. |title=Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind/Brain |date=1986 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Churchland |first1=P. M. |title=Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes |journal=Journal of Philosophy |date=1981 |volume=78 |pages=67–90}}</ref> advocated a radically contrasting position (at least in regard to certain hypotheses): [[eliminative materialism]]. Eliminative materialism holds that some mental phenomena simply do not exist at all, and that talk of such phenomena reflects a spurious "[[folk psychology]]" and [[introspection illusion]]. A materialist of this variety might believe that a concept like "belief" has no basis in fact (e.g. the way folk science speaks of demon-caused illnesses).

With reductive materialism at one end of a continuum (our theories will ''reduce'' to facts) and eliminative materialism at the other (certain theories will need to be ''eliminated'' in light of new facts), [[revisionary materialism]] is somewhere in the middle.<ref name="StandfordEM" />

====Continental philosophy====
{{see also|New materialism|Speculative materialism|Transcendental materialism}}
Contemporary [[continental philosopher]] [[Gilles Deleuze]] has attempted to rework and strengthen classical materialist ideas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2015/entries/deleuze/ |title=Gilles Deleuze |last1=Smith |first1=Daniel |last2=Protevi |first2=John |date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Winter 2015}}</ref> Contemporary theorists such as [[Manuel DeLanda]], working with this reinvigorated materialism, have come to be classified as ''new materialists''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dolphijn |first1=Rick |last2=Tuin |first2=Iris van der |date=1 January 2013 |title=New Materialism: Interviews & Cartographies |publisher=Open Humanities Press |isbn=9781607852810 |url=http://www.openhumanitiespress.org/books/titles/new-materialism/ |language=EN}}</ref> [[New materialism]] has become its own subfield, with courses on it at major universities, as well as numerous conferences, edited collections and monographs devoted to it.

[[Jane Bennett (political theorist)|Jane Bennett]]'s 2010 book ''Vibrant Matter'' has been particularly instrumental in bringing theories of monist ontology and [[vitalism]] back into a critical theoretical fold dominated by [[poststructuralist]] theories of language and discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcUcmAEACAAJ |title=Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things |last=Bennett |first=Jane |date=4 January 2010 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=9780822346333 |language=en}}</ref> Scholars such as [[Mel Y. Chen]] and Zakiyyah Iman Jackson have critiqued this body of new materialist literature for neglecting to consider the materiality of race and gender in particular.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/6169668|title=Animal: New Directions in the Theorization of Race and Posthumanism|website=www.academia.edu|access-date=2016-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y793tgAACAAJ |title=Animacies: Biopolitics, Racial Mattering, and Queer Affect |last=Chen |first=Mel Y. |date=10 July 2012 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=9780822352549 |language=en}}</ref>

Métis scholar [[Zoe Todd]], as well as [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] (Bear Clan, Six Nations) and [[Anishinaabe]] scholar Vanessa Watts,<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Vanessa Watts|url=http://miri.mcmaster.ca/team/dr-vanessa-watts/|date=2018-12-12|website=McMaster Indigenous Research Institute|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref> query the colonial orientation of the race for a "new" materialism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Todd|first=Zoe|date=2016|title=An Indigenous Feminist's Take On The Ontological Turn: 'Ontology' Is Just Another Word For Colonialism|journal=Journal of Historical Sociology|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=4–22|doi=10.1111/johs.12124|issn=1467-6443}}</ref> Watts in particular describes the tendency to regard matter as a subject of feminist or philosophical care as a tendency too invested in the reanimation of a [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] tradition of inquiry at the expense of an Indigenous ethic of responsibility.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watts|first=Vanessa|date=2013-05-04|title=Indigenous Place-Thought and Agency Amongst Humans and Non Humans (First Woman and Sky Woman Go On a European World Tour!)|url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/19145|journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|issn=1929-8692}}</ref> Other scholars, such as Helene Vosters, echo their concerns and have questioned whether there is anything particularly "new" about "new materialism", as Indigenous and other [[Animism|animist]] ontologies have attested to what might be called the "vibrancy of matter" for centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEJvBAAAQBAJ |title=Performing Objects and Theatrical Things |last1=Schweitzer |first1=M. |last2=Zerdy |first2=J. |date=14 August 2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137402455 |language=en}}</ref> Others, such as [[Thomas Nail]], have critiqued "vitalist" versions of new materialism for depoliticizing "flat ontology" and being ahistorical.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Being and motion|last=Nail, Thomas|isbn=978-0-19-090890-4|location=New York, NY|pages=11–54|oclc=1040086073|date = 10 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gamble|first1=Christopher N.|last2=Hanan|first2=Joshua S.|last3=Nail|first3=Thomas|date=2019-11-02|journal=[[Angelaki]]|volume=24|issue=6|pages=111–134|doi=10.1080/0969725x.2019.1684704|issn=0969-725X|title=What is New Materialism?|s2cid=214428135}}</ref>

[[Quentin Meillassoux]] proposed ''speculative materialism'', a [[post-Kantian]] return to [[David Hume]] also based on materialist ideas.<ref>[[Quentin Meillassoux|Meillassoux, Quentin]]. 2008. ''After Finitude''. Bloomsbury, p. 90.</ref>