Editing Martin Frobisher (section)

===Spanish Armada===
Following a council of war, [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|Lord Howard]], the [[Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom|Lord High Admiral of the Fleet]], reorganized the English fleet into four squadrons.<ref name="Wilson2012">{{cite book|author=A. N. Wilson|title=The Elizabethans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KToqD1c60PoC&pg=PA253|date=2012|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-1-4668-1619-0|page=253}}</ref> Frobisher was made commander of one of these and assigned ''Triumph'', as well as [[Edmund Sheffield, 1st Earl of Mulgrave|Lord Sheffield]]'s ''White Bear'', [[Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk|Lord Thomas Howard]]'s ''Golden Lion'', and Sir [[Robert Southwell (died 1598)|Robert Southwell]]'s ''Elizabeth Jonas'', all heavily armed vessels.{{sfnp|McDermott|2005|page=224}} On the morning of 21 July 1588, Frobisher in ''Triumph'', Drake in ''Revenge'', and Hawkins in ''Victory'' attacked the seaward wing of the Spanish defensive formation, damaging ''San Juan de Portugal'', the ship of the Armada's vice-admiral, [[Juan Martínez de Recalde]], and forcing his rescue by [[galleass]]es from the [[Biscay|Bizcayan]] squadron. Later that day Frobisher and Hawkins engaged Pedro de Valdez, commander of the [[Andalusia]]n squadron, who did not yield his ship, ''[[Spanish ship Nuestra Señora del Rosario (1587)|Nuestra Señora del Rosario]]'' (Our Lady of the Rosary) until Drake came to their assistance the next morning,<ref name="Motley1872">{{cite book|author=John Lothrop Motley|title=History of the United Netherlands: From the Death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u9JQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA591|year=1872|publisher=Robbers|page=591|isbn=9780404045289}}</ref> much to his rival Frobisher's consternation.{{sfnp|McDermott|2001a|pp=353}} Three days later, the English fleet was reinforced by [[Lord Henry Seymour (naval commander)|Lord Seymour]]'s channel patrol of thirty-five or forty sail, and Frobisher assumed command of his newly formed squadron.{{sfnp|Coote|1889}}

[[File: Martin Frobisher (1620).png|thumb|Two decades after his death, this portrait of Frobisher was created for the ''Heroologia Anglica'', a collection of engraved portraits of illustrious English people (1620).]]

Frobisher's squadron was close inshore at dawn on 25 July 1588, the only one landwards of the Armada that morning; the sea was dead calm when he engaged the [[Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia|Duke of Medina Sidonia]]'s flagship ''San Martín'' and gave her another pummeling like that of a few days past. However, a breeze rose from the southwest, allowing several Spanish galleons to move in and save their flagship. The other English ships withdrew in time, but ''Triumph'' was caught on the lee shore off [[Dunnose, Isle of Wight|Dunnose]] cape on the [[Isle of Wight]], and more than thirty Armada ships bore down upon him. Frobisher used his boats to manoeuvre ''Triumph'' with good effect and managed to escape when the wind shifted again, allowing him the [[weather gage]].<ref name="Kitzan1999">{{cite book|author=Chris Kitzan|title=Meta Incognita: A Discourse of Discovery : Martin Frobisher's Arctic Expeditions, 1576–1578|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BhS4R7qnvAC&q=%22At%20dawn%20on%20that%20day%22|year=1999|publisher=Canadian Museum of Civilization|isbn=978-0-660-17507-2|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Perrett2012">{{cite book|author=Bryan Perrett|title=The Changing Face of Battle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cew3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT144|date=2012|publisher=Orion Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-78022-525-8|page=144}}</ref>

Frobisher was knighted for valour on 26 July 1588 by Lord Howard aboard Howard's flagship [[English ship Ark Royal (1587)|''Ark Royal'']], alongside Sheffield, Thomas Howard, and Hawkins.<ref name="Library1977">{{cite book|author=British Library|title=Sir Francis Drake: an exhibition to commemorate Francis Drake's voyage around the world, 1577–1580|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cwgAAAAMAAJ&q=%2226%20July%201588%22|year=1977|publisher=British Museum Publications Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7141-0393-8|page=117}}</ref><ref name="KnightonLoades2013">{{cite book |editor=C. S. Knighton |editor2=David Loades|title=The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgSiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA531|date= 2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-8240-6|page=531}}</ref> Two days later the English launched eight [[fire ships]] into the midst of the Armada at its moorings, forcing its captains to cut their anchors;<ref name="Perrett2012146">{{cite book|author=Bryan Perrett|title=The Changing Face of Battle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cew3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT146|date=2012|publisher=Orion Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-78022-525-8|page=146}}</ref> the decisive action was fought 29 July 1588 on the shoals off [[Gravelines]], where Frobisher, Drake, and Hawkins pounded the Spanish ships with their guns. Drake in ''Revenge'' gave Medina Sidonia's flagship, ''San Martin'', a full [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]] while [[Thomas Fenner (sea captain)|Thomas Fenner]] in ''Nonpareil'' followed his example and the rest of Drake's squadron did the same. Even so, ''San Martin'' sustained no major damage although her men suffered heavy casualties. Drake withdrew to the north-east, with his squadron in line astern of ''Revenge'', and engaged the other Spanish ships nearby as he passed.<ref name="Bradford2014">{{cite book |last1=Bradford |first1=Ernle |title=Drake: England's Greatest Seafarer |year=2014 |publisher=Open Road Media |isbn=978-1-4976-1715-5 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbAfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT88}}</ref> Frobisher, directly behind him in the English line, stayed with the ''San Martin'' at close range and poured cannon shot into her oaken flanks, but failed to take her. Five Spanish ships were lost.{{sfnp|McDermott|2001a|p=363}}

Following this defeat of the Spanish fleet, ''Revenge'' was engaged in harassing Spanish shipping and it was Frobisher's flagship in 1590 when he commanded the efforts to intercept Spanish treasure galleons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C. |year=2020 |title=Weapons and Warfare: From Ancient and Medieval Times to the 21st Century |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk_VDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |page=72 |isbn=978-1-4408-6728-6}}</ref>