Editing Manuel II of Portugal (section)

==Monarchy and its status==
Since 1911, the Portuguese monarchists-in-exile had concentrated in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Spain]] in order to enter Portugal and restore the monarchy but without the tacit approval of the Spanish government. The monarchists were led by the charismatic [[Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro]], a veteran of the African colonial campaigns. The ''[[Paladin]]'', as the Portuguese newspapers called him, believed that demonstrating a show of force would force the rural people to rise-up and support the restoration. But he was wrong; poorly prepared and badly financed, his forces encountered apathy from the rural population and the incursions ended with retreats into Galicia.

[[File:II. Manuel portugál király 1913-29.jpg|thumb|right|Manuel II (right), with his mother Amélie (seated) and wife Augusta; 1913.]]

For his part, Manuel supported these incursions the best way he could, but his financial resources were limited. He also faced a group of monarchists who were not clear supporters of his claim to the throne: one attack was made under a blue and white flag, but without the crown, while Paiva Couceiro himself declared at one time that his movement was "neutral" and wanted a plebiscite on the form of the new regime. It was only after he traded correspondence with Couceiro that the King was able to support the Galician monarchists, who had promised to support the [[Constitutional Charter of 1826]]. The second incursion, in 1912, although better prepared did not succeed because the Spanish government was forced to cede to Republican diplomats the illegality of monarchist encampments in Galicia and disarmed the remaining combatants within its territory. Manuel was never able to restore his kingdom by force and always defended that the monarchists should organise internally in order to reach power legally (by elections). This was not accepted by militant monarchists who, in the following years, continued their badly prepared attempts to restore the monarchy (for example on 20 October 1914), creating anarchy in the streets. His preoccupation worsened at the beginning of the Great War: Manuel was fearful that the United Kingdom would ally with Spain, in light of Portugal's instability, and that Spain would want to annex Portugal, as the price for Spain's entry into the War.

===Dover Pact===
After the failure of the first monarchist incursion, and with Manuel II appearing relatively unenthusiastic for a restoration of the monarchy (and entirely against armed counter-revolution), another group of royalists attempted to legitimise the claims of the descendants of [[Miguel I of Portugal|Miguel I]] to the throne. In order to counter this, the King allegedly entered into direct negotiations with [[Miguel, Duke of Braganza|the Duke of Braganza]]'s representatives: he attempted to establish himself as the rightful king and, according to the [[Integralismo Lusitano]] group, he recognised the descendants of Miguel as being in line to the throne of Portugal.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} There are no proof of an encounter between Manuel II and Miguel in [[Dover]] on 30 January 1912. The results of the supposed meeting remain controversial: although there was an accord on challenging the republic, there remained no clear agreement on hereditary lines of succession, and Manuel II still retained his claim to the throne.

===Monarchy of the North===
{{main|Monarchy of the North}}
[[File:A Bandeira Monarquica no Porto.png|thumb|The "[[Monarchy of the North]]" was proclaimed in [[Porto]] on 18 January 1919.]]
Some monarchists continued unsuccessful counter-revolutionary activities during the War, while the former King continued to condemn their actions and to exhort them to restore the monarchy at the ballot-box. This option seemed viable after the [[dictatorship]] of General [[Joaquim Pimenta de Castro|Pimenta de Castro]] (January 1915) broke the momentum of the [[Democratic Party (Portugal)|Democratic Party]], who attempted to garner sympathies from the conservative right, by removing restrictions imposed on monarchist groups on 5 October. Between April and May 1915, 55 monarchist centres opened (33 in the north and 12 in the centre of the country), causing many republicans to close ranks and on 14 May 1915 the revolution returned to the streets, when 15,000 armed civilians and the soldiers from the Navy tried to maintain the loyalty of the Army to the government. After three days of combat 500 deaths and more than 1,000 wounded, the Democratic Party retained control and the monarchist groups were once again declared illegal. During the [[Sidónio Pais]] government, Pais cultivated support from conservative factions and incorporated a re-establishment of a regime based on universal male suffrage. His assassination allowed moderate republicans to re-establish control, but the creation of military juntas in the provinces of the north, with monarchist tendencies, created expectations of a possible monarchist restoration through a military coup d'état.

Manuel continued to plead for calm at the end of the War; while not abandoning the possibility of taking action in the future, he insisted on waiting to the end of peace negotiations in Paris: he was fearful that continued anarchy in Portugal would prejudice its negotiating position. But, for Paiva Couceiro and the other Integralists, this was the moment: they awaited the royal authorisation of the King's adjunct Aires de Ornelas. Receiving a memorandum that requested this authorisation, and convinced that this action would not occur immediately, Ornelas wrote on the margin, ''Go on. Palavras de El-Rei'', and signed the document. On 19 January 1919 a thousand soldiers and some artillery, under the command of Paiva Couceiro occupied Porto, in order to restore the Constitutional Monarchy, and its King Manuel II. A provisional government was established that controlled [[Minho Province|Minho]], [[Trás-os-Montes (region)|Trás-os-Montes]] (with the exception of [[Chaves (Portugal)|Chaves]], [[Mirandela]] and [[Vila Real, Portugal|Vila Real]]), as well as part of the district of Aveiro, but contrary to Couceiro's expectations, the rest of the country did not rise.

In Lisbon, Aires de Ornelas was caught completely by surprise, but he could not escape with other monarchists to the safety of the 2nd Regimental Lancers, in Ajuda. There the number of refugees, who suffered as the republican reprisals increased, and the commander removed his forces and those civilians, marching them to Monsanto, where the 4th, 7th and 9th Cavalry and the 30th Infantry Battery from Belém were entrenched. Aires de Ornelas wavered in his support, which risked the possibility that Integralists would transfer their loyalty to Miguel's supporters, or assume the leadership of the monarchist movement. In a small area, and circled by Republican forces, the monarchists surrendered on 24 January. With the failure of the Restoration in the centre and south of the country, luck turned on Paiva Couceiro. On 13 February a part of the Republican National Guard deserted and restored the Republic in Porto. Those monarchists who did not escape were incarcerated and subsequently sentenced to long-term imprisonment. The King, in exile, did not hear of the failure and was informed only after reading the reports in the newspapers.

===Paris Pact===
[[File:Sucessao pacto paris.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The ''Pact of Paris'' in a postcard published by the Integralismo Lusitano group in 1922.]]

Although it is not likely that such a pact took place, it is said that in 1922, with cooling of relations between monarchists of the [[Integralismo Lusitano]] and the King, and mindful that his marriage to Augusta Victória had not produced heirs, Manuel, in a Paris meeting in April 1922, represented by his adjunct Aires de Ornelas, and Miguelist representatives [[Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães|Infanta Adelgundes]], who was by now calling herself Duchess of Guimarães, and tutor to [[Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza|Duarte Nuno]], agreed that owing to an heir, the rights of succession would pass to Duarte Nuno. Integralists disagreed because, in their view, the agreement failed to make reference to the reestablishment of a traditional monarchy, which was fundamental to their assertions. Integralismo Lusitano withheld their support, and in September 1925, Aldegundes, in a letter to Manuel, repudiated the agreement owing the continue operation of the Constitutional Newspaper (the Integralist paper was closed as part of the accord) and the lack of Integralist participation.