Editing Mandolin (section)

=== Tenor ===
[[File:Octave2edit.JPG|thumb|right|upright=.5|A flatback octave mandolin]]
The ''[[octave mandolin]]'' (US and Canada), termed the ''octave mandola'' in Britain and Ireland and ''mandola'' in continental Europe, is tuned an octave below the mandolin: G<sub>2</sub>–D<sub>3</sub>–A<sub>3</sub>–E<sub>4</sub>. Its relationship to the mandolin is that of the [[tenor violin]] to the violin, or the [[tenor saxophone]] to the [[soprano saxophone]]. Octave mandolin scale length is typically about {{convert|20|in}}, although instruments with scales as short as {{convert|17|in}} or as long as {{convert|21|in}} are not unknown.

The instrument has a variant off the coast of South America in Trinidad, where it is known as the [[Bandol (instrument)|bandol]], a flat-backed instrument with four courses, the lower two strung with metal and nylon strings.<ref name="Winer2009">{{cite book|author=Lise Winer|title=Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On Historical Principles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_n82hsbDJBMC&pg=PA50|access-date=5 May 2013|date=16 January 2009|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-7607-0|pages=50–}}</ref>

{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
 | align = left
| image1 = Beth Patterson at Dublin Ohio Irish Fest 06.jpg
 | width1 = 144
 | alt1 = Irish Bouzouki
 | caption1 =Irish bouzouki played by [[Beth Patterson]] at [[Dublin, Ohio]]'s Irish Fest

| image2 = Musician with cittern, RI Scotish Highland Festival, 2012-06-09.jpg
 | width2 = 160
 | alt2 = cittern
 | caption2 = Musician with cittern, RI Scottish Highland Festival, June 2012

| image3 = Hamburger waldzither.jpg
 | width3 = 90
 | alt3 = waldzither
 | caption3 = A waldzither
}}

The [[Irish bouzouki]], though not strictly a member of the mandolin family, has a reasonable resemblance and similar range to the octave mandolin. It derives from the [[Bouzouki|Greek bouzouki]] (a long-necked lute), constructed like a flat-backed mandolin and uses fifth-based tunings, most often G<sub>2</sub>–D<sub>3</sub>–A<sub>3</sub>–D<sub>4</sub>. Other tunings include: A<sub>2</sub>–D<sub>3</sub>–A<sub>3</sub>–D<sub>4</sub>, G<sub>2</sub>–D<sub>3</sub>–A<sub>3</sub>–E<sub>4</sub> (an octave below the mandolin—in which case it essentially functions as an octave mandolin), G<sub>2</sub>–D<sub>3</sub>–G<sub>3</sub>–D<sub>4</sub> or A<sub>2</sub>–D<sub>3</sub>–A<sub>3</sub>–E<sub>4</sub>. Although the Irish bouzouki's bass course pairs are most often tuned in unison, on some instruments one of each pair is replaced with a lighter string and tuned in octaves, similar to the 12-string [[guitar]]. While occupying the same range as the octave mandolin/octave mandola, the Irish bouzouki is theoretically distinguished from the former instrument by its longer scale length, typically from {{convert|24|to|26|in}}, although scales as long as {{convert|27|in}}, which is the usual Greek bouzouki scale, are not unknown. In modern usage, however, the terms "octave mandolin" and "Irish bouzouki" are often used interchangeably to refer to the same instrument.

The modern [[cittern]] may also be loosely included in an "extended" mandolin family, based on resemblance to the flat-backed mandolins, which it predates. Its own lineage dates it back to [[the Renaissance]]. It is typically a five course (ten-string) instrument having a scale length between {{convert|20|and|22|in}}. The instrument is most often tuned to either D<sub>2</sub>–G<sub>2</sub>–D<sub>3</sub>–A<sub>3</sub>–D<sub>4</sub> or G<sub>2</sub>–D<sub>3</sub>–A<sub>3</sub>–D<sub>4</sub>–A<sub>4</sub>, and is essentially an [[octave mandola]] with a fifth course at either the top or the bottom of its range. Some luthiers, such as Stefan Sobell, also refer to the octave mandola or a shorter-scaled Irish bouzouki as a cittern, irrespective of whether it has four or five courses.

Other relatives of the cittern, which might also be loosely linked to the mandolins (and are sometimes tuned and played as such), include the 6-course/12-string [[Portuguese guitar]] and the 5-course/9-string [[waldzither]].