Editing Malcolm X (section)

=== Advocacy and teachings while with the Nation ===
[[File:Elijah Muhammad and Cassius Clay NYWTS.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali]] (second row, in dark suit) watches [[Elijah Muhammad]] speak, 1964|alt=Elijah Muhammad is speaking at a podium and people are listening intently]]

From his adoption of the Nation of Islam in 1952 until he broke with it in 1964, Malcolm&nbsp;X promoted the [[#Beliefs of the Nation of Islam|Nation's teachings]]. These included beliefs:
* That Black people are the original people of the world<ref name="Lomax55">{{harvnb|Lomax|1963|p=55}}.</ref>
* That White people are "devils"<ref name="Perry115">{{harvnb|Perry|1991|p=115}}.</ref> and
* That the demise of the White race is imminent.<ref name="Lomax57">{{harvnb|Lomax|1963|p=57}}.</ref>

[[Louis E. Lomax]] said that "those who don't understand biblical prophecy wrongly label him as a racist and as a hate teacher, or as being anti-White or as teaching Black Supremacy".<ref>{{harvnb|Lomax|1963|p=181}}.</ref> One of the goals of the [[civil rights movement]] was to end [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchisement]] of African Americans, but the Nation of Islam forbade its members from participating in voting and other aspects of the political process.<ref>{{harvnb|Natambu|2002|p=260}}.</ref> The [[NAACP]] and other civil rights organizations denounced him and the Nation of Islam as irresponsible extremists whose views did not represent the common interests of African Americans.<ref>{{harvnb|Marable|2011|p=162}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Natambu|2002|pp=215–216}}.</ref>

Malcolm&nbsp;X had been equally critical of the civil rights movement.<ref>{{harvnb|Lomax|1963|pp=79–80}}.</ref> During this period, he denounced [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] as a "chump", and referred to other civil rights leaders as being "stooges" of the White establishment and was strongly against any kind of racial integration.<ref>{{harvnb|Perry|1991|p=203}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|King expressed mixed feelings toward Malcolm&nbsp;X. "He is very articulate{{nbsp}}... but I totally disagree with many of his political and philosophical views{{nbsp}}... I don't want to seem to sound self-righteous{{nbsp}}... or that I think I have the only truth, the only way. Maybe he does have some of the answer{{nbsp}}... I have often wished that he would talk less of violence, because violence is not going to solve our problem. And in his litany of articulating the despair of the Negro without offering any positive, creative alternative, I feel that Malcolm has done himself and our people a great disservice{{nbsp}}... [U]rging Negroes to arm themselves and prepare to engage in violence, as he has done, can reap nothing but grief."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://playboysfw.kinja.com/martin-luther-king-jr-part-2-of-a-candid-conversation-1502358645 |access-date=June 19, 2018 |title=The Playboy Interview: Martin Luther King |last=Haley |first=Alex |author-link=Alex Haley |date=January 1965 |work=[[Playboy]] |archive-date=June 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619190052/https://playboysfw.kinja.com/martin-luther-king-jr-part-2-of-a-candid-conversation-1502358645 }}</ref> However, the veracity of this quote as recorded by [[Alex Haley]] has been called into question by [[Jonathan Eigs]], given that it does not appear on the original interview transcript.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marcus |first1=Josh |title=Famous Martin Luther King quote ripping Malcom X was fake, author discovers |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/matin-luther-king-malcom-x-b2336601.html |website=Independent |date=May 10, 2023 |access-date=May 11, 2023 |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511044631/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/matin-luther-king-malcom-x-b2336601.html |url-status=live }}</ref> }} He called the 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]] "the farce on Washington",<ref>{{harvnb|Cone|1991|p=113}}.</ref> and said he did not know why so many Black people were excited about a demonstration "run by whites in front of a [[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)|statue of a president]] who has been dead for a hundred years and who didn't like us when he was alive."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/malcolmx/timeline/timeline2.html |title=Timeline |access-date=November 11, 2017 |date=May 19, 2005 |work=[[Malcolm&nbsp;X: Make It Plain]], [[American Experience]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526135314/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/malcolmx/timeline/timeline2.html |archive-date=May 26, 2005}}</ref> 

In 1961, Malcolm&nbsp;X spoke at a NOI rally alongside [[George Lincoln Rockwell]], the head of the [[American Nazi Party]]. Rockwell saw overlap between black nationalism and white supremacy.<ref name="Jeet">{{cite magazine |last=Heer |first=Jeet |author-link=Jeet Heer |date=May 11, 2016 |title=Farrakhan's Grand Illusion |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |access-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404035954/https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |url-status=live }}</ref> While the civil rights movement fought against [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]], Malcolm&nbsp;X advocated the complete [[Black separatism|separation]] of [[African Americans]] from Whites. He proposed that [[Back-to-Africa movement|African Americans should return to Africa]] and that, in the interim, a separate country for Black people in America should be created.<ref name="Lomax149-152">{{harvnb|Lomax|1963|pp=149–152}}.</ref><ref name="Supremacy78">{{harvnb|Malcolm X|Karim|1989|p=78}}.</ref> He rejected the civil rights movement's strategy of [[nonviolence]], arguing that Black people should defend and advance themselves "[[by any means necessary]]".<ref name="Lomax 173-174">{{harvnb|Lomax|1963|pp=173–174}}.</ref> His speeches had a powerful effect on his audiences, who were generally African Americans in [[Northern United States|northern]] and [[Western United States|western]] cities. Many of them{{mdashb}}tired of being told to wait for freedom, justice, equality and respect<ref>{{harvnb|Natambu|2002|p=182}}.</ref>{{mdashb}}felt that he articulated their complaints better than did the civil rights movement.<ref name="Cone99-100">{{harvnb|Cone|1991|pp=99–100}}.</ref><ref name="West">{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Cornel |author-link1=Cornel West |editor1-last=Sayres |editor1-first=Sohnya |editor2-last=Stephanson |editor2-first=Anders |editor3-last=Aronowitz |editor3-first=Stanley |editor3-link=Stanley Aronowitz |editor4-last=Jameson |editor4-first=Fredric |editor4-link=Fredric Jameson |title=The 60s Without Apology |year=1984 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0-8166-1336-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/60swithoutapolog0000unse/page/51 51] |chapter=The Paradox of the Afro-American Rebellion |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/60swithoutapolog0000unse/page/51}}</ref>