Editing Malaria (section)

===Complications===
Malaria has several serious [[Complication (medicine)|complications]], including the development of [[respiratory distress]], which occurs in up to 25% of adults and 40% of children with severe ''P.&nbsp;falciparum'' malaria. Possible causes include respiratory compensation of [[metabolic acidosis]], noncardiogenic [[pulmonary oedema]], concomitant [[pneumonia]], and severe [[anaemia]]. Although rare in young children with severe malaria, [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]] occurs in 5–25% of adults and up to 29% of pregnant women.<ref name="Taylor-2012"/> [[Coinfection]] of [[HIV]] with malaria increases mortality.<ref name="Korenromp-2005"/> [[Kidney failure]] is a feature of [[blackwater fever]], where haemoglobin from [[lysis|lysed]] red blood cells leaks into the urine.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012"/>

Infection with ''P.&nbsp;falciparum'' may result in cerebral malaria, a form of severe malaria that involves [[encephalopathy]]. It is associated with retinal whitening, which may be a useful clinical sign in distinguishing malaria from other causes of fever.<ref name="Beare-2011"/> An [[Splenomegaly|enlarged spleen]], [[hepatomegaly|enlarged liver]] or [[hepatosplenomegaly|both of these]], severe headache, [[hypoglycemia|low blood sugar]], and [[hemoglobinuria|haemoglobin in the urine]] with [[kidney failure]] may occur.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012"/> Complications may include spontaneous bleeding, [[coagulopathy]], and [[circulatory shock|shock]].<ref>Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine/21st/351</ref> 

Cerebral malaria can bring about death within forty-eight hours of the first symptoms of the infection being evident. 

[[Pregnancy-associated malaria|Malaria during pregnancy]] can cause [[stillbirth]]s, [[infant mortality]], [[miscarriage]], and [[low birth weight]],<ref name="Hartman-2010"/> particularly in ''P.&nbsp;falciparum'' infection, but also with ''P.&nbsp;vivax''.<ref name="Rijken-2012"/>