Editing Majapahit (section)

===Formation===
After [[Pamalayu|defeating]] the [[Melayu Kingdom]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Spuler |first1=Bertold |author2=F.R.C Bagley | title = The Muslim world: a historical survey, Part 4 | publisher = Brill Archive | page=252 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VNgUAAAAIAAJ | isbn = 9789004061965 | year  =1981 }}</ref> in Sumatra in 1275, [[Singhasari]] became the most powerful kingdom in the region. [[Kublai Khan]], the [[Khagan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]] and the Emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China, challenged Singhasari by sending emissaries demanding tribute. [[Kertanegara of Singhasari]] refused to pay the tribute, insulted Kublai's envoy, and challenged the Khan instead. In response, Kublai Khan [[Mongol invasion of Java|sent a massive expedition of 1000 ships to Java]] in 1293.

====Mongol invasion====
{{main|Mongol invasion of Java}}
[[File:Ser Marco Polo Ancient Chinese War Vessel.jpg|thumb|Painting of a 14th-century [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] [[Junk (ship)|junk]]. Similar ships were sent by the Yuan in their naval armada.]]
By that time, [[Jayakatwang]], the ''Adipati'' (Duke) of [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]], a vassal state of Singhasari, had usurped and killed Kertanagara. After being pardoned by Jayakatwang with the aid of Madura's regent Arya Wiraraja, Kertanegara's son-in-law [[Raden Wijaya]] was given the land of [[Trowulan|Tarik]] timberland. He then opened the vast timberland and built a new settlement there. The village was named ''Majapahit'', which was taken from the name of a fruit that had a bitter taste (''maja'' is the fruit name and ''pahit'' means bitter). When the Yuan army sent by Kublai Khan arrived, Wijaya allied himself with the army to fight against Jayakatwang. Once Jayakatwang was destroyed, Raden Wijaya forced his allies to withdraw from Java by launching a surprise attack.<ref name="Slamet Muljana 2005">{{cite book
| title     = Menuju Puncak kemegahan: Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit
| author    = Slamet Muljana
| publisher = PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara
| year      = 2005
| isbn      = 9789798451355
}}</ref> The Yuan army had to withdraw in confusion as they were in hostile territory, with their ships being attacked by Javanese navy. It was also their last chance to catch the [[monsoon]] winds home; otherwise, they would have had to wait for another six months.{{sfn|Nugroho|2011|pp=107–116}}

====The first king, Kertarajasa Jayawardhana====
[[Image:Harihara Majapahit 1.JPG|thumb|left|upright|King [[Kertarajasa]] portrayed as [[Harihara]], amalgamation of [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]]. Originally located at Candi Simping, [[Blitar]], today it is displayed in [[National Museum of Indonesia|National Museum]].]]
In 1293, [[Raden Wijaya]] founded a stronghold with the capital Majapahit.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|200–201}} The exact date used as the birth of the Majapahit kingdom is the day of his coronation, the 15th of [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] month in the year 1215 using the Javanese [[Shaka era]], which equates to 10 November 1293.<ref name="NGI Trowulan" /> During his coronation he was given the formal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. King Kertarajasa took all four daughters of Kertanegara as his wives, his first wife and prime queen consort Tribhuwaneswari, and her sisters: Prajnaparamita, Narendraduhita, and [[Gayatri Rajapatni]] the youngest. According to Pararaton, he also took a [[Sumatra]]n Malay [[Dharmasraya]] princess named [[Dara Petak]] as his wife.<ref name="Suhadi">{{Cite journal |last=Suhadi |first=Machi |date=1995 |title=Masalah Negara Vasal Majapahit |url=https://berkalaarkeologi.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/berkalaarkeologi/article/download/678/628/3258 |journal=Berkala Arkeologi |volume=15 |issue=3|pages=92–95 |doi=10.30883/jba.v15i3.678 |language=id|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SNI-II:Zaman Kuno">{{cite book|author1=Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro|author2=Nugroho Notosusanto|title=Sejarah Nasional Indonesia: Zaman kuno|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/318053182|date=2008|publisher=Balai Pustaka|isbn=978-9794074084|oclc=318053182 |language=id|accessdate=20 October 2023}}</ref>{{Rp|454}}

The new kingdom faced challenges. Some of Kertarajasa's most trusted men, including [[:id:Ranggalawe|Ranggalawe]], [[:id:Ken Sora|Sora]], and [[:id:Nambi|Nambi]] rebelled against him, though unsuccessfully. It was suspected that the [[:id:Mahapati|Mahapati Halayudha]] set the conspiracy to overthrow all of his rivals in the court, led them to revolt against the king, while he gained king's favour and attained the highest position in the government. However, following the death of the last rebel [[:id:Ra Kuti|Kuti]], Halayudha's treachery was exposed, subsequently, he was captured, jailed for his stratagems and then sentenced to death.<ref name="Slamet Muljana 2005"/> Wijaya himself died in 1309.

====Jayanegara====
Kertarajasa Wijaya was succeeded by his heir [[Jayanegara]]. The reign of Jayanegara was a difficult and chaotic one, troubled with several rebellions by his father's former companions in arms. Among others are Gajah Biru's rebellion in 1314, [[:id:Dharmaputra (jabatan)#Pemberontakan Ra Semi|Semi rebellion in 1318]], and the [[:id:Dharmaputra (jabatan)#Pemberontakan Ra Kuti|Kuti rebellion in 1319]]. The Kuti rebellion was the most dangerous one, as Kuti managed to take control of the capital city. With the help of [[Gajah Mada]] and his ''Bhayangkara'' palace guard,<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|233}} Jayanegara barely escaped from the capital and safely hid in Badander village. While the king was in hiding, Gajah Mada returned to the capital city to assess the situation. After learning that Kuti's rebellion was not supported by the people or nobles of Majapahit court, Gajah Mada raised resistance forces to crush the Kuti rebellion.

After Kuti forces were defeated, Jayanegara was safely returned to his throne. For his loyalty and excellent service, Gajah Mada was promoted to high office to begin his career in royal court politics.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Misteri pemberontakan Ra Kuti hingga wajah asli sang Gajah Mada | author = Ya'cob Billiocta | newspaper = Merdeka.com | date = 22 April 2015 | language = id | url = http://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/misteri-pemberontakan-ra-kuti-hingga-wajah-asli-sang-gajah-mada.html}}</ref>

According to tradition, Wijaya's son and successor, Jayanegara, was notorious for his immorality. One of his distasteful acts was his desire to take his half-sisters, Gitarja and Rajadewi, as wives. Since Javanese tradition abhorred the practice of half-siblings marrying, the council of royal elders spoke strongly against the king's wishes. It was not clear what motivated Jayanegara's wish{{snd}}it might have been his way to ensure his claim to the throne by preventing rivals from being his half-sisters' suitors, although in the later period of the Majapahit court the custom of marriage among cousins was quite common. In the ''Pararaton'', he was known as ''Kala Gemet'', or "weak villain". Around the time of Jayanegara's reign in the early 14th century, the Italian Friar [[Odoric of Pordenone]] visited the Majapahit court in Java. He mentioned Java to be well-populated and filled with cloves, nutmeg and many other spices. He also mentioned that the king of Java had seven vassals under him and engaged in several wars with the "khan of Cathay".<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Suarez |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQTQAgAAQBAJ&dq=great+king+java+seven+vassals&pg=PT279 |title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who First Mapped the Regions Between China and India |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4629-0696-3 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|156}}

In 1328, Jayanegara was [[:id:Dharmaputra (jabatan)#Peristiwa Ra Tanca|murdered by his physician, Tanca]], during a surgical operation. In complete mayhem and rage, Gajah Mada immediately killed Tanca. The motive behind this [[regicide]] was never clear. According to the ''Pararaton'', it was Tanca's revenge for the king sexually abusing his wife. However, according to the Balinese manuscript ''[[Babad Dalem]]'', the assassination was a stratagem crafted by Gajah Mada himself to rid the kingdom of an evil tyrant.<ref name="Tirto-Gajah Mada">{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/gajah-mada-dan-kontroversi-dalang-pembunuhan-raja-majapahit-cCRR|title=Gajah Mada dan Kontroversi Dalang Pembunuhan Raja Majapahit|last=Raditya|first=Iswara |website=tirto.id|date=7 January 2018 |language=id|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> Tradition mentions that the immoral, cruel and abusive king often seduced and abused women, even the wives of his own subordinates.<ref>{{cite news | title = Goda Istri Orang, Raja Jayanegara Dibunuh Tabib (Bagian-2) | author = Bahari | date = 12 September 2015 | work = Sindo | language = id | url = https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/1043588/29/goda-istri-orang-raja-jayanegara-dibunuh-tabib-bagian-2-1441971107/13}}</ref> Other possible reason includes to protect the two princesses – Gitarja and Rajadewi, the daughters of Gayatri Rajapatni from the king's cruelty.<ref name="Tirto-Gajah Mada"/> Since the slain king was childless, he left no successor.