Editing Mahogany (section)

===18th century===
While the trade in mahogany from the Spanish and French territories in America remained moribund for most of the 18th century, this was not true for those islands under British control. The British Parliament passed an act of Parliament, the [[Naval Stores Act 1721]] ([[8 Geo. 1]]. c. 12), which removed all import duties from timber imported into Britain from British possessions in the Americas. This immediately stimulated the trade in West Indian timbers including, most importantly, mahogany. Importations of mahogany into England (and excluding those to Scotland, which were recorded separately) reached 525 tons per annum by 1740, 3,688 tons by 1750, and more than 30,000 tons in 1788, the peak year of the 18th century trade.<ref>Adam Bowett, 'The 1721 Naval Stores Act and the Commercial Introduction of Mahogany', ''Furniture History'', XXX (1994), pp. 42-56; The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust. 3.</ref>

At the same time, the Naval Stores Act 1721 had the effect of substantially increasing exports of mahogany from the West Indies to the British colonies in North America. Although initially regarded as a joinery wood, mahogany rapidly became the timber of choice for makers of high quality furniture in both the British Isles and the 13 colonies of North America.

[[File:Mahagoni Tree.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mahogany tree at Kannavam Forest, [[Kerala]], India]]

Until the 1760s over 90 per cent of the mahogany imported into Britain came from Jamaica.<ref>The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust. 3.</ref> Some of this was re-exported to continental Europe, but most was used by British furniture makers. Quantities of Jamaican mahogany also went to the North American colonies, but most of the wood used in American furniture came from the [[Bahamas]]. This was sometimes called Providence wood, after the main port of the islands, but more often ''madera'' or ''madeira'', which was the West Indian name for mahogany.<ref name="Rauschenberg-1975">{{cite journal |last1=Rauschenberg |first1=Bradford L. |title=Timber Available in Charleston, 1660-1820 |journal=Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts |date=1975 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=69–72 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofearlyso2021994muse/page/68 |publisher=Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts}}</ref>

In addition to Jamaica and Bahamas, all the British controlled islands exported some mahogany at various times, but the quantities were not large. The most significant third source was Black River and adjacent areas on the [[Mosquito Coast]] (now [[Republic of Honduras]]), from where quantities of mahogany were shipped from the 1740s onwards. This mahogany was known as 'Rattan mahogany', after the island of [[Ruatan]], which was the main offshore [[entrepot]] for the British settlers in the area.

At the end of the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–63), the mahogany trade began to change significantly. During the occupation of [[Havana]] by British forces between August 1762 and July 1763, quantities of Cuban or Havanna mahogany were sent to Britain, and after the city was restored to Spain in 1763, Cuba continued to export small quantities, mostly to ports on the north coast of Jamaica, from where it went to Britain.<ref>The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust 3; Shipping returns, CO 142 (Jamaica).</ref> However, this mahogany was regarded as inferior to the Jamaican variety, and the trade remained sporadic until the 19th century.

Another variety new to the market was Hispaniola mahogany, also called 'Spanish' and 'St Domingo' mahogany. This was the result of the [[Free Port Act 1766]] ([[6 Geo. 3]]. c. 49), which opened Kingston and other designated Jamaican ports to foreign vessels for the first time.<ref name="Bowett-2011">{{cite web |last1=Bowett |first1=Adam |title=The Jamaica Trade: Gillow and the Use of Mahogany in the Eighteenth Century |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288218482.pdf |page=29 |date=2011}}</ref> The object was primarily to encourage importations of cotton from French plantations in [[Saint Domingue]], but quantities of high quality mahogany were also shipped. These were then forwarded to Britain, where they entered the market in the late 1760s.

In terms of quantity, the most significant new addition to the mahogany trade was Honduras mahogany, also called 'baywood', after the Bay of Honduras. British settlers had been active in southern [[Yucatan]] since the beginning of the 18th century, despite the opposition of the Spanish, who claimed sovereignty over all of Central America.

Their main occupation was cutting [[logwood]], a dyewood in high demand in Europe. The center of their activity and the primary point of export was [[Belize]]. Under Article XVII of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]], British cutters were for the first time given the right to cut logwood in Yucatan unmolested, within agreed limits. Such was the enthusiasm of the cutters that within a few years the European market was glutted, and the price of logwood collapsed.

However, the price of mahogany was still high after the war, and so the cutters turned to cutting mahogany. The first Honduras mahogany arrived in Kingston, Jamaica, in November 1763, and the first shipments arrived in Britain the following year.<ref>The National Archives (United Kingdom), Shipping register, CO 142 (Jamaica); Cust 3.</ref>

By the 1790s most of the viable stocks of mahogany in Jamaica had been cut, and the market was divided between two principal sources or types of mahogany. Honduras mahogany was relatively cheap, plentiful, but rarely of the best quality. Hispaniola (also called Spanish or Santo Domingo) mahogany was the wood of choice for high quality work.

Data are lacking, but it is likely that the newly independent United States now received a good proportion of its mahogany from Cuba. In the last quarter of the 18th century France began to use mahogany more widely;<ref>Viaux-Locquin (1997), p. 6.</ref> they had ample supplies of high quality wood from Saint Domingue. The rest of Europe, where the wood was increasingly fashionable, obtained most of their wood from Britain.<ref name="National Archives">The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust 3.</ref>