Editing Magnolia (section)

==Uses==
[[File:Michelia figo Purple Queen1.jpg|thumb|right|Flowering ''[[Magnolia figo]]'' 'Purple Queen']]
[[File:Star Magnolia from Halifax botanical gardens.jpg|thumb|''[[Magnolia stellata]]'' or star magnolia of shrub form|alt=Star magnolia from botanical gardens, Halifax, Nova Scotia]]
[[File:Magnolia wieseneri.jpg|thumb|[[Magnolia × wieseneri|''M.'' × ''wieseneri'' hybrid]]]]

===Horticulture===
In general, the genus ''Magnolia'' has attracted horticultural interest. Some, such as the shrub ''[[Magnolia stellata|M. stellata]]'' (star magnolia) and the tree [[Magnolia × soulangeana|''M.'' × ''soulangeana'']] (saucer magnolia) flower quite early in the spring, before the leaves open. Others flower in late spring or early summer, including [[Magnolia virginiana|''M. virginiana'']] (sweetbay magnolia) and [[Magnolia grandiflora|''M. grandiflora'']] (southern magnolia).  The shape of these flowers lend themselves to the common name ''tulip tree'' that is sometimes applied to some ''Magnolia'' species.{{efn|"Tulip tree" usually refers to ''[[Liriodendron tulipifera]]'', but sometimes refers to ''Magnolia'' species,<ref>William Miller. "Magnolia." ''A Dictionary of English Names of Plants: Applied in England and Among English-speaking People to Cultivated and Wild Plants, Trees, and Shrubs.'' John Murray, 1884. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NkASAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA217 p. 217.]</ref><ref>Richard Brook. ''New Cyclopædia of Botany and Complete Book of Herbs: Forming a History and Description of All Plants, British Or Foreign'' (etc.). W. M. Clark, 1854. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vYiaakh-1wQC&pg=PA248 p. 248.]</ref> especially ''[[Magnolia × soulangeana]]''.<ref>Roger Holmes. ''Taylor's Master Guide to Gardening.'' Houghton Mifflin, 1994. {{ISBN|9780618159079}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=sWrSM-4CoLoC&pg=PA118 p. 118.]</ref><ref>Pat Munts and Susan Mulvihill. ''Northwest Gardener's Handbook: Your Complete Guide: Select, Plan, Plant, Maintain, Problem-Solve: Oregon, Washington, Northern California, British Columbia.'' Cool Springs Press, 2015. {{ISBN|9781627885522}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=AagiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 p. 209.]</ref><ref>Amy Renea. ''Crafting with Nature: Grow or Gather Your Own Supplies for Simple Handmade Crafts, Gifts & Recipes.'' Page Street, 2016. {{ISBN|9781624142055}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=EfaLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 p. 173.]</ref>}}

Hybridisation has been immensely successful in combining the best aspects of different species to give plants which flower at an earlier age than the parent species, as well as having more impressive flowers. One of the most popular garden magnolias, ''M''. × ''soulangeana'', is a hybrid of ''M. liliiflora'' and ''M. denudata''. In the eastern United States, five native species are frequently in cultivation: ''M. acuminata'' (as a shade tree), ''M. grandiflora'', ''M. virginiana'', ''M. tripetala'', and ''M. macrophylla''. The last two species must be planted where high winds are not a frequent problem because of the large size of their leaves.

===Culinary===
The flowers of many species are considered edible. In parts of England, the petals of ''M. grandiflora'' are pickled and used as a spicy [[condiment]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}. In some Asian cuisines, the buds are pickled and used to flavor rice and scent tea. In Japan, the young leaves and flower buds of ''[[Magnolia hypoleuca|M. hypoleuca]]'' are broiled and eaten as a vegetable. Older leaves are made into a powder and used as seasoning; dried, whole leaves are placed on a charcoal brazier and filled with [[miso]], leeks, [[daikon]], and [[shiitake]], and broiled. There is a type of [[miso]] which is seasoned with magnolia, hoba miso.<ref>{{cite book |author=Facciola, S. |series=Cornucopia |volume=I |title=A Source Book of Edible Plants |publisher=Kampong Publications |year=1990 |isbn=0-9628087-0-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Facciola, S. |series=Cornucopia |volume=II |title=A Source Book of Edible Plants |publisher=Kampong Publications |year=1998 |isbn=0-9628087-2-5}}</ref>

[[File:MagnoliaTreeInFullGlory.jpg|thumb|right|A magnolia tree in a ''nudiflorum'' varietal showing full bloom in spring before leaf emergence]]
[[File:Magnolia Tree Kenosha.jpg|thumb|right|Magnolia tree in bloom]]
[[File:Magnolia Tree - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Magnolia tree in autumn]]

===Traditional medicine===
The bark and flower buds of ''M. officinalis'' have long been used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]], where they are known as ''hou po'' (厚朴). In Japan, ''kōboku'', ''M. obovata'', has been used in a similar manner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-01 |title=Magnolia Flower (xin yi hua) |url=https://www.acupuncturetoday.com/herbcentral/magnolia_flower.php |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=www.acupuncturetoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Poivre |first1=Mélanie |last2=Duez |first2=Pierre |date=March 2017 |title=Biological activity and toxicity of the Chinese herb Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E. Wilson (Houpo) and its constituents |journal=Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=194–214 |doi=10.1631/jzus.B1600299 |issn=1673-1581 |pmc=5365644 |pmid=28271656}}</ref>

===Timber===
The cucumbertree, ''M. acuminata'', grows to large size and is harvested as a timber tree in northeastern U.S. forests. Its wood is sold as "yellow poplar" along with that of the tuliptree, ''[[Liriodendron tulipifera]]''. The Fraser magnolia, ''[[Magnolia fraseri|M. fraseri]]'', also attains enough size sometimes to be harvested, as well.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

=== Chemical compounds and bioeffects ===
The aromatic bark contains [[magnolol]], [[honokiol]], [[4-O-methylhonokiol]], and [[obovatol]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Han, H. |author2=Jung, J.K. |author3=Han, S.B. |author4=Nam, S.Y. |author5=Oh, K.W. |author6=Hong, J.T. |title=Anxiolytic-like effects of 4-O-methylhonokiol isolated from magnolia officinalis through enhancement of GABAergic transmission and chloride influx |journal=Journal of Medicinal Food |volume=14 |issue=7–8 |pages=724–731 |year=2011 |doi=10.1089/jmf.2010.1111 |pmid=21501091}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kalman, D.S. |author2=Feldman, S. |author3=Feldman, R. |author4=Schwartz, H.I. |author5=Krieger, D.R. |author6=Garrison, R. |title=Effect of a proprietary Magnolia and Phellodendron extract on stress levels in healthy women: A pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial |journal=Nutrition Journal |volume=7 |issue=1 |year=2008 |doi=10.1186/1475-2891-7-11 |pmid=18426577 |pmc=2359758 |pages=11 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ma, L. |author2=Chen, J. |author3=Wang, X. |author4=Liang, X. |author5=Luo, Y. |author6=Zhu, W. |author7=Wang, T. |author8=Peng, M. |author9=Li, S. |author10=Jie, S. |author11=Peng, A. |author12=Wei, Y. |author13=Chen, L. |title=Structural modification of honokiol, a biphenyl occurring in magnolia officinalis: The evaluation of honokiol analogues as inhibitors of angiogenesis and for their cytotoxicity and structure-activity relationship |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |volume=54 |issue=19 |pages=6469–6481 |year=2011 |doi=10.1021/jm200830u |pmid=21853991}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fried, L.E. |author2=Arbiser, J.L. |title=Honokiol, a multifunctional antiangiogenic and antitumor agent |journal=Antioxidants & Redox Signaling |volume=11 |pages=1139–1148 |year=2009 |issue=5 |doi=10.1089/ars.2009.2440 |pmid=19203212 |pmc=2842137}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hu J. |author2=Chen L.-J. |author3=Liu L. |author4=Chen X. |author5=Chen P. |author6=Yang G.-L. |author7=Hou W.-L. |author8=Tang M.-H. |author9=Zhang F. |author10=Wang X.-H. |author11=Zhao X. |author12=Wei Y.-Q. |title=Liposomal honokiol, a potent anti-angiogenesis agent, in combination with radiotherapy produces a synergistic antitumor efficacy without increasing toxicity |journal=[[Experimental & Molecular Medicine]] |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=617–628 |year=2008 |doi=10.3858/emm.2008.40.6.617 |pmid=19116447 |pmc=2679338}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee YJ, Lee YM, Lee CK, Jung JK, Han SB, Hong JT |title=Therapeutic applications of compounds in the Magnolia family |journal=Pharmacol. Ther. |year=2011 |volume=130 |issue=2 |pages=157–176 |doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.010 |pmid=21277893}}</ref> Magnolol<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fakhrudin |first1=N. |last2=Ladurner |first2=A. |last3=Atanasov |first3=A.G. |last4=Heiss |first4=E.H. |last5=Baumgartner |first5=L. |last6=Markt |first6=P. |last7=Schuster |first7=D. |last8=Ellmerer |first8=E.P. |last9=Wolber |first9=G. |last10=Rollinger |first10=J.M. |last11=Stuppner |first11=H. |last12=Dirsch |first12=V.M. |date=Apr 2010 |title=Computer-aided discovery, validation, and mechanistic characterization of novel neolignan activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma |journal=Mol. Pharmacol. |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=559–66 |doi=10.1124/mol.109.062141 |pmid=20064974 |pmc=3523390}}</ref> and honokiol<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Atanasov AG, Wang JN, Gu SP, Bu J, Kramer MP, Baumgartner L, Fakhrudin N, Ladurner A, Malainer C, Vuorinen A, Noha SM, Schwaiger S, Rollinger JM, Schuster D, Stuppner H, Dirsch VM, Heiss EH |title=Honokiol: A non-adipogenic PPARγ agonist from nature |pmid=23811337 |doi=10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.021 |volume=1830 |issue=10 |pmc=3790966 |date=October 2013 |pages=4813–4819 |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects}}</ref> activate the [[nuclear receptor]] [[peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma]].