Editing Magnetic resonance imaging (section)

==== Musculoskeletal ====
{{Main|Spinal fMRI}}
Applications in the musculoskeletal system include [[Spinal cord|spinal imaging]], assessment of [[joint]] disease, and [[Soft tissue pathology|soft tissue tumors]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=Helms C | title=Musculoskeletal MRI | date=2008 | publisher=Saunders | isbn=978-1-4160-5534-1 }}</ref> MRI techniques can also be used for diagnostic imaging of
[[Myopathy#Systemic diseases|systemic muscle diseases]] including genetic muscle diseases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aivazoglou |first1=LU |last2=Guimarães |first2=JB |last3=Link |first3=TM |last4=Costa |first4=MAF |last5=Cardoso |first5=FN |last6=de Mattos Lombardi Badia |first6=B |last7=Farias |first7=IB |last8=de Rezende Pinto |first8=WBV |last9=de Souza |first9=PVS |last10=Oliveira |first10=ASB |last11=de Siqueira Carvalho |first11=AA |last12=Aihara |first12=AY |last13=da Rocha Corrêa Fernandes |first13=A |title=MR imaging of inherited myopathies: a review and proposal of imaging algorithms. |journal=European Radiology |date=21 April 2021 |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=8498–8512 |doi=10.1007/s00330-021-07931-9 |pmid=33881569|s2cid=233314102 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmidt GP, Reiser MF, Baur-Melnyk A | title = Whole-body imaging of the musculoskeletal system: the value of MR imaging | journal = Skeletal Radiology | volume = 36 | issue = 12 | pages = 1109–19 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 17554538 | pmc = 2042033 | doi = 10.1007/s00256-007-0323-5 | publisher = Springer Nature | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Swallowing movements of the throat and esophagus can cause motion artifacts over the imaged spine. Therefore, a saturation pulse{{clarify|date=March 2022}} applied over this region the throat and esophagus can help to avoid these artifacts. Motion artifacts arising due to pumping of the heart can be reduced by timing the MRI pulse according to heart cycles.<ref name="pmid28611728">{{cite journal | vauthors = Havsteen I, Ohlhues A, Madsen KH, Nybing JD, Christensen H, Christensen A | title = Are Movement Artifacts in Magnetic Resonance Imaging a Real Problem?-A Narrative Review | journal = Frontiers in Neurology | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 232 | date = 2017 | pmid = 28611728 | pmc = 5447676 | doi = 10.3389/fneur.2017.00232 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref> Blood vessel flow artifacts can be reduced by applying saturation pulses above and below the region of interest.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Taber |first1=K H |last2=Herrick |first2=R C |last3=Weathers |first3=S W |last4=Kumar |first4=A J |last5=Schomer |first5=D F |last6=Hayman |first6=L A |date=November 1998 |title=Pitfalls and artifacts encountered in clinical MR imaging of the spine. |url=http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiographics.18.6.9821197 |journal=RadioGraphics |language=en |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=1499–1521 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.18.6.9821197 |pmid=9821197 |issn=0271-5333}}</ref>