Editing Macedonia (ancient kingdom) (section)

===Conflict with Rome===
{{main|Macedonian Wars}}
{{further|Cretan War (205–200 BC)|Punic Wars|Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty}}
[[File:Macedonia and the Aegean World c.200.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The Kingdom of Macedonia (orange) under [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip{{nbsp}}V]] ({{reign|221|179|era=BC}}), with Macedonian [[dependent state]]s (dark yellow), the [[Seleucid Empire]] (bright yellow), [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[protectorate]]s (dark green), the [[Kingdom of Pergamon]] (light green), independent states (light purple), and possessions of the [[Ptolemaic Empire]] (violet purple)]]
In 215 BC, at the height of the [[Second Punic War]] with the [[Carthaginian Empire]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] authorities intercepted a ship off the [[Calabria]]n coast holding a Macedonian envoy and a Carthaginian ambassador in possession of a treaty composed by [[Hannibal]] declaring an alliance with Philip{{nbsp}}V.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=79}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=231}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=192}}; also mentioned by {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|p=19}}.</ref> [[Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty|The treaty]] stipulated that [[History of Carthage|Carthage]] had the sole right to negotiate the terms of Rome's hypothetical surrender and promised mutual aid if a resurgent Rome should seek revenge against either Macedonia or Carthage.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=80}}; see also {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=231}} and {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=191–193}} for further details.</ref> Although the Macedonians were perhaps only interested in safeguarding their newly conquered territories in Illyria,<ref>{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=191–193, 210}}.</ref> the Romans were nevertheless able to thwart whatever grand ambitions Philip{{nbsp}}V had for the Adriatic region during the [[First Macedonian War]] (214–205{{nbsp}}BC). In 214{{nbsp}}BC, Rome positioned a [[Roman navy|naval fleet]] at [[Oricus]], which was assaulted along with [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]] by Macedonian forces.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=82}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=193}}.</ref> When the Macedonians captured [[Lissus (Illyria)|Lissus]] in 212{{nbsp}}BC, the [[Roman Senate]] responded by inciting the Aetolian League, Sparta, [[Ancient Elis|Elis]], [[Messenia]], and [[Attalus I]] ({{reign|241|197|era=BC}}) of [[Pergamon]] to wage war against Philip{{nbsp}}V, keeping him occupied and away from Italy.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=82}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=232–233}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=193–194}}; {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|pp=17–18, 20}}.</ref>

The Aetolian League concluded a [[peace agreement]] with Philip{{nbsp}}V in 206{{nbsp}}BC, and the [[Roman Republic]] negotiated the [[Treaty of Phoenice]] in 205{{nbsp}}BC, ending the war and allowing the Macedonians to retain some captured settlements in Illyria.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=83}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=233–234}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=195–196}}; {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|p=21}}; see also {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|pp=18–19}} for details on the [[Aetolian League]]'s treaty with [[Philip V of Macedon]] and Rome's rejection of the second attempt by the Aetolians to seek Roman aid, viewing the Aetolians as having violated the earlier treaty.</ref> Although the Romans rejected an Aetolian request in 202{{nbsp}}BC for Rome to declare war on Macedonia once again, the Roman Senate gave serious consideration to the similar offer made by Pergamon and its ally [[Rhodes]] in 201{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=85}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=196–197}} for further details.</ref> These states were concerned about Philip{{nbsp}}V's alliance with [[Antiochus III the Great]] of the Seleucid Empire, which invaded the war-weary and financially exhausted Ptolemaic Empire in the [[Fifth Syrian War]] (202–195{{nbsp}}BC) as Philip{{nbsp}}V captured Ptolemaic settlements in the Aegean Sea.<ref>{{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=234–235}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=196–198}}; see also {{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=86}} for further details.</ref> Although Rome's envoys played a critical role in convincing Athens to join the anti-Macedonian alliance with Pergamon and Rhodes in 200{{nbsp}}BC, the ''[[comitia centuriata]]'' (people's assembly) rejected the Roman Senate's proposal for a declaration of war on Macedonia.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=85–86}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=235–236}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=199–201}}; {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|p=22}}.</ref> Meanwhile, Philip{{nbsp}}V conquered territories in the [[Hellespont]] and [[Bosporus]] as well as Ptolemaic [[Samos]], which led Rhodes to [[Cretan War (205–200 BC)|form an alliance with Pergamon]], [[Byzantium]], [[Cyzicus]], and [[Chios]] against Macedonia.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=86}}; see also {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=235}} for further details.</ref> Despite Philip{{nbsp}}V's nominal alliance with the Seleucid king, he lost the naval [[Battle of Chios (201 BC)|Battle of Chios]] in 201{{nbsp}}BC and was blockaded at [[Bargylia]] by the Rhodian and Pergamene navies.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=86}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=197–198}}.</ref>

[[File:Philip V. 221-179 BCE.jpg|thumb|left|A [[tetradrachm]] of [[Philip V of Macedon]] ({{reign|221|179|era=BC}}), with the king's portrait on the [[obverse]] and [[Athena Alkidemos]] brandishing a thunderbolt on the reverse]]
While Philip V was busy fighting Rome's Greek allies, Rome viewed this as an opportunity to punish this former ally of Hannibal with a war that they hoped would supply a victory and require few resources.<ref group="note">{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=86–87}}. <br />{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=202–203}}: "Roman desire for revenge and private hopes of famous victories were probably the decisive reasons for the outbreak of the war."</ref> The Roman Senate demanded that Philip{{nbsp}}V cease hostilities against neighboring Greek powers and defer to an international arbitration committee for settling grievances.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=87}}.</ref> When the ''comitia centuriata'' finally voted in approval of the Roman Senate's declaration of war in 200{{nbsp}}BC and handed their [[ultimatum]] to Philip{{nbsp}}V, demanding that a [[tribunal]] assess the damages owed to Rhodes and Pergamon, the Macedonian king rejected it. This marked the beginning of the [[Second Macedonian War]] (200–197{{nbsp}}BC), with [[Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus]] spearheading [[military operation]]s in Apollonia.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=87–88}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=199–200}}; see also {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=235–236}} for further details.</ref>

[[File:Eumene II, fondatore della biblioteca di pergamo, copia romana (50 dc ca) da orig,. ellenistico su busto moderno, MANN 02.JPG|thumb|upright|Bronze bust of [[Eumenes II]] of [[Pergamon]], a [[Roman sculpture|Roman copy]] of a [[Hellenistic art|Hellenistic]] [[Ancient Greek sculpture|Greek original]], from the [[Villa of the Papyri]] in [[Herculaneum]]]]
The Macedonians successfully defended their territory for roughly two years,<ref>{{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=236}}.</ref> but the [[Roman consul]] [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus]] managed to expel Philip{{nbsp}}V from Macedonia in 198{{nbsp}}BC, forcing his men to take refuge in Thessaly.<ref name="bringmann 2007 88">{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=88}}.</ref> When the Achaean League switched their loyalties from Macedonia to Rome, the Macedonian king sued for peace, but the terms offered were considered too stringent, and so the war continued.<ref name="bringmann 2007 88"/> In June 197{{nbsp}}BC, the Macedonians were defeated at the [[Battle of Cynoscephalae]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=88}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=236}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=203}}.</ref> Rome then ratified a treaty that forced Macedonia to relinquish control of much of its Greek possessions outside of Macedonia proper, if only to act as a buffer against Illyrian and Thracian incursions into Greece.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=88}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=236–237}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=204}}.</ref> Although some Greeks suspected Roman intentions of supplanting Macedonia as the new hegemonic power in Greece, Flaminius announced at the [[Isthmian Games]] of 196{{nbsp}}BC that Rome intended to preserve Greek [[liberty]] by leaving behind no garrisons and by not exacting [[tribute]] of any kind.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=88–89}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=237}}.</ref> His promise was delayed by negotiations with the Spartan king [[Nabis of Sparta|Nabis]], who had meanwhile captured Argos, yet Roman forces evacuated Greece in 194{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=89–90}}; see also {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=237}} and {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|pp=20–21, 24}} for further details.</ref>

Encouraged by the Aetolian League and their calls to liberate Greece from the Romans, the [[Seleucid dynasty|Seleucid king]] Antiochus{{nbsp}}III landed with his army at [[Demetrias]], Thessaly, in 192{{nbsp}}BC, and was elected ''strategos'' by the Aetolians.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=90–91}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=237–238}}.</ref> Macedonia, the Achaean League, and other Greek city-states maintained their alliance with Rome.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=91}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=238}}.</ref> The Romans [[Roman–Seleucid War|defeated the Seleucids]] in the 191{{nbsp}}BC [[Battle of Thermopylae (191 BC)|Battle of Thermopylae]] as well as the [[Battle of Magnesia]] in 190{{nbsp}}BC, forcing the Seleucids to pay a [[war indemnity]], dismantle most of its navy, and abandon its claims to any territories north or west of the [[Taurus Mountains]] in the 188{{nbsp}}BC [[Treaty of Apamea]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=91–92}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=238}}; see also {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|pp=30, 33}} for further details.</ref> With Rome's acceptance, Philip{{nbsp}}V was able to capture some cities in central Greece in 191–189{{nbsp}}BC that had been allied to Antiochus{{nbsp}}III, while Rhodes and [[Eumenes II]] ({{reign|197|159|era=BC}}) of Pergamon gained territories in Asia Minor.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=92}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=238}}.</ref>

Failing to please all sides in various territorial disputes, the Roman Senate decided in 184/183{{nbsp}}BC to force Philip{{nbsp}}V to abandon [[Aenus (Thrace)|Aenus]] and [[Maroneia|Maronea]], since these had been declared free cities in the Treaty of Apamea.<ref group="note">{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=93–97}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=239}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=207–208}}. <br />Bringmann dates this event of handing over [[Aenus (Thrace)|Aenus]] and [[Maroneia|Maronea]] along the [[Thracian]] coast as 183{{nbsp}}BC, while Eckstein dates it as 184{{nbsp}}BC.</ref> This assuaged the fear of Eumenes{{nbsp}}II that Macedonia could pose a threat to his lands in the Hellespont.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=97}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=207–208}} for further details.</ref> [[Perseus of Macedon]] ({{reign|179|168|era=BC}}) succeeded Philip{{nbsp}}V and executed [[Demetrius (son of Philip V)|his brother Demetrius]], who had been favored by the Romans but was charged by Perseus with [[high treason]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=97}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=240–241}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=211–213}} for a discussion about Perseus's actions during the early part of his reign.</ref> Perseus then attempted to form marriage alliances with [[Prusias II of Bithynia]] and [[Seleucus IV Philopator]] of the Seleucid Empire, along with renewed relations with Rhodes that greatly unsettled Eumenes{{nbsp}}II.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=97–98}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=240}}.</ref> Although Eumenes{{nbsp}}II attempted to undermine these diplomatic relationships, Perseus fostered an alliance with the [[Boeotian League]], extended his authority into Illyria [[Abrupolis|and Thrace]], and in 174{{nbsp}}BC, won the role of managing the Temple of Apollo at Delphi as a member of the [[Amphictyonic Council]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=98}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=240}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=212–213}}.</ref>

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Perseus of Macedon BM.jpg
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| image2 = The Triumph of Aemilius Paulus (detail).jpg
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| footer = Left, a [[tetradrachm]] of [[Perseus of Macedon]] ({{reign|179|168|era=BC}}), [[British Museum]]. Right, ''The Triumph of [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus|Aemilius Paulus]]'' (detail) by [[Carle Vernet]], 1789.
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Eumenes II came to Rome in 172 BC and delivered a speech to [[Senate of the Roman Republic|the Senate]] denouncing the alleged crimes and transgressions of Perseus.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=98–99}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=241–242}}.</ref> This convinced the Roman Senate to declare the [[Third Macedonian War]] (171–168{{nbsp}}BC).<ref group="note">{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=98–99}}; see also {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=242}}, who says that "Rome&nbsp;... as the sole remaining superpower&nbsp;... would not accept Macedonia as a peer competitor or equal." <br />[[Klaus Bringmann]] asserts that negotiations with Macedonia were completely ignored due to Rome's "[[Realpolitik|political calculation]]" that the Macedonian kingdom had to be destroyed to ensure the elimination of the "supposed source of all the difficulties which Rome was having in the Greek world".</ref> Although Perseus's forces were victorious against the Romans at the [[Battle of Callinicus]] in 171{{nbsp}}BC, the Macedonian army was defeated at the [[Battle of Pydna]] in June 168{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=99}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=243–244}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=215–216}}; {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|p=43}}.</ref> Perseus fled to [[Samothrace]] but surrendered shortly afterwards, was brought to [[Rome]] for the [[Roman triumph|triumph]] of [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus]], and was placed under [[house arrest]] at [[Alba Fucens]], where he died in 166{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=99}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=245}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=204–205, 216}}; see also {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|p=43}} for further details.</ref> The Romans abolished the Macedonian monarchy by installing four separate allied [[republic]]s in its stead, their capitals located at [[Amphipolis]], [[Thessalonica]], [[Pella]], and [[Pelagonia]].<ref name="bringmann 99–100 eckstein 245">{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=99–100}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=245}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=216–217}}; see also {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=43–46}} for further details.</ref> The Romans imposed severe laws inhibiting many social and economic interactions between the inhabitants of these republics, including the banning of marriages between them and the (temporary) prohibition on gold and silver mining.<ref name="bringmann 99–100 eckstein 245"/> A certain [[Andriscus]], claiming Antigonid descent, rebelled against the Romans and was pronounced king of Macedonia, defeating the army of the Roman [[praetor]] Publius Juventius Thalna during the [[Fourth Macedonian War]] (150–148{{nbsp}}BC).<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=104}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=246–247}}.</ref> Despite this, Andriscus was defeated in 148{{nbsp}}BC at the [[Battle of Pydna (148 BC)|second Battle of Pydna]] by [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus]], whose forces occupied the kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=104–105}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=247}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=216–217}}.</ref> This was followed in 146{{nbsp}}BC by the Roman [[destruction of Carthage]] and victory over the Achaean League at the [[Battle of Corinth (146 BC)|Battle of Corinth]], ushering in the era of [[Roman Greece]] and the gradual establishment of the [[Roman province of Macedonia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=104–105}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=247–248}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=203–205, 216–217}}.</ref>