Editing Lysosome (section)

=== Systemic lupus erythematosus (Lupus) ===
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) otherwise known as Lupus is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks healthy cells.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-03 |title=Lupus: Symptoms & Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4875-lupus |access-date=2025-04-09 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403230150/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4875-lupus |archive-date=3 April 2025 }}</ref> Lupus is prominent in systemic lupus erythematosus preventing macrophages and monocytes from degrading neutrophil extracellular traps<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hakkim |first1=Abdul |last2=Fürnrohr |first2=Barbara G. |last3=Amann |first3=Kerstin |last4=Laube |first4=Britta |last5=Abed |first5=Ulrike Abu |last6=Brinkmann |first6=Volker |last7=Herrmann |first7=Martin |last8=Voll |first8=Reinhard E. |last9=Zychlinsky |first9=Arturo |date=2010-05-25 |title=Impairment of neutrophil extracellular trap degradation is associated with lupus nephritis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=21 |pages=9813–9818 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909927107 |doi-access=free |pmc=2906830 |pmid=20439745|bibcode=2010PNAS..107.9813H }}</ref> and immune complexes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Monteith |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Kang |first2=SunAh |last3=Scott |first3=Eric |last4=Hillman |first4=Kai |last5=Rajfur |first5=Zenon |last6=Jacobson |first6=Ken |last7=Costello |first7=M. Joseph |last8=Vilen |first8=Barbara J. |date=2016-04-12 |title=Defects in lysosomal maturation facilitate the activation of innate sensors in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=15 |pages=E2142–E2151 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1513943113 |doi-access=free |pmc=4839468 |pmid=27035940|bibcode=2016PNAS..113E2142M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kavai |first1=Maria |last2=Szegedi |first2=Gyula |title=Immune complex clearance by monocytes and macrophages in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Autoimmunity Reviews |date=August 2007 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=497–502 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2007.01.017 |pmid=17643939 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=KáVai |first1=M. |last2=Csipö |first2=I. |last3=Sonkoly |first3=J. |last4=Csongor |first4=J. |last5=Szegedi |first5=G. Y. |title=Defective Immune Complex Degradation by Monocytes in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Immunology |date=November 1986 |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=527–532 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3083.1986.tb02167.x |pmid=3787186 }}</ref> The failure to degrade internalized immune complexes rises from irregularly extended activity of mTORC2, which impairs lysosome acidification.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Monteith |first1=Andrew J |last2=Vincent |first2=Heather A |last3=Kang |first3=SunAh |last4=Li |first4=Patrick |last5=Claiborne |first5=Tauris M |last6=Rajfur |first6=Zenon |last7=Jacobson |first7=Ken |last8=Moorman |first8=Nathaniel J |last9=Vilen |first9=Barbara J |date=2018-07-01 |title=mTORC2 Activity Disrupts Lysosome Acidification in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Impairing Caspase-1 Cleavage of Rab39a |journal=The Journal of Immunology |volume=201 |issue=2 |pages=371–382 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1701712 |pmc=6039264 |pmid=29866702}}</ref> As a result, immune complexes in the lysosome recycle to the surface of macrophages causing an accumulation of DNA fragments and nuclear complexes which triggers an immune response from the body which is leads to the multiple lupus-associated pathologies.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=SunAh |last2=Rogers |first2=Jennifer L |last3=Monteith |first3=Andrew J |last4=Jiang |first4=Chuancang |last5=Schmitz |first5=John |last6=Clarke |first6=Stephen H |last7=Tarrant |first7=Teresa K |last8=Truong |first8=Young K |last9=Diaz |first9=Marilyn |last10=Fedoriw |first10=Yuri |last11=Vilen |first11=Barbara J |date=2016-05-01 |title=Apoptotic Debris Accumulates on Hematopoietic Cells and Promotes Disease in Murine and Human Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |journal=The Journal of Immunology |volume=196 |issue=10 |pages=4030–4039 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1500418 |pmc=4868781 |pmid=27059595}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=SunAh |last2=Fedoriw |first2=Yuri |last3=Brenneman |first3=Ethan K |last4=Truong |first4=Young K |last5=Kikly |first5=Kristine |last6=Vilen |first6=Barbara J |date=2017-04-01 |title=BAFF Induces Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Positions T Cells within the Glomeruli during Lupus Nephritis |journal=The Journal of Immunology |volume=198 |issue=7 |pages=2602–2611 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1600281 |pmc=5360485 |pmid=28235864}}</ref>