Editing Lutetium (section)

==Applications==
Small quantities of lutetium have many speciality uses. 

=== Stable isotopes ===
Stable lutetium can be used as [[catalyst]]s in [[petroleum]] [[Cracking (chemistry)|cracking]] in [[oil refinery|refineries]] and can also be used in alkylation, [[hydrogenation]], and [[polymerization]] applications.<ref>{{RubberBible86th}}</ref>

[[Lutetium aluminium garnet]] ({{chem2|Al5Lu3O12}}) has been proposed for use as a lens material in high [[refractive index]] [[immersion lithography]].<ref>{{cite book| page=12| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sx39H8XR1FcC&pg=PA12| title =Advanced Processes for 193-NM Immersion Lithography| author =Wei, Yayi | author2 =Brainard, Robert L. | publisher=SPIE Press| date = 2009| isbn =978-0-8194-7557-2}}</ref> Additionally, a tiny amount of lutetium is added as a [[dopant]] to [[gadolinium gallium garnet]], which was used in [[magnetic bubble memory]] devices.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF02655293| title = Three garnet compositions for bubble domain memories| journal = Journal of Electronic Materials| volume = 3| issue = 3| pages = 693–707| year = 1974| last1 = Nielsen | first1 = J. W.| last2 = Blank | first2 = S. L.| last3 = Smith | first3 = D. H.| last4 = Vella-Coleiro | first4 = G. P.| last5 = Hagedorn | first5 = F. B.| last6 = Barns | first6 = R. L.| last7 = Biolsi | first7 = W. A.| bibcode = 1974JEMat...3..693N| s2cid = 98828884}}</ref> Cerium-doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate is currently the preferred compound for detectors in [[positron emission tomography]] (PET).<ref>{{cite book| author = Wahl, R. L. |chapter = Instrumentation| title = Principles and Practice of Positron Emission Tomography| location = Philadelphia: Lippincott| publisher = Williams and Wilkins| date= 2002| page =51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1109/23.256710| title = Evaluation of cerium doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) scintillation crystals for PET| journal = IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science| volume = 40| issue = 4| pages = 1045–1047| year = 1993| last1 = Daghighian | first1 = F.| last2 = Shenderov | first2 = P.| last3 = Pentlow | first3 = K. S. | last4 = Graham | first4 = M. C. | last5 = Eshaghian | first5 = B.| last6 = Melcher | first6 = C. L. | last7 = Schweitzer | first7 = J. S. | bibcode = 1993ITNS...40.1045D| s2cid = 28011497}}</ref> Lutetium aluminium garnet (LuAG) is used as a phosphor in light-emitting diode light bulbs.<ref>{{cite web|first=Steve|last=Bush|title=Discussing LED lighting phosphors|url=http://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/led/discussing-led-lighting-phosphors-2014-03/|publisher=Electronic Weekly|date=14 March 2014|access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title = A19 LED bulbs: What's under the frosting?|journal = EE Times|issue = July 18|date = 2011|issn = 0192-1541|pages = 44–45|author = Simard-Normandin, Martine }}</ref>

[[Lutetium tantalate]] (LuTaO<sub>4</sub>) is the densest known stable white material (density 9.81&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>)<ref name="lu1">{{Cite journal| first1 = G.| first2 = G.| first3 = L.| first4 = M. | title = Luminescence of materials based on LuTaO4| last1 = Blasse | author-link1 = George Blasse | journal = Journal of Alloys and Compounds | volume = 209 | issue = 1–2| pages = 1–2 | year = 1994 | doi = 10.1016/0925-8388(94)91069-3| last2 = Dirksen| last3 = Brixner| last4 = Crawford}}</ref> and therefore is an ideal host for X-ray phosphors.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lWlcJEDukRIC&pg=PA846| page=846|title = Phosphor handbook| author = Shionoya, Shigeo | publisher= CRC Press| date = 1998| isbn =978-0-8493-7560-6}}</ref><ref name="appl">{{cite book| page = 32| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F0Bte_XhzoAC&pg=PA32| title = Extractive metallurgy of rare earths| author = Gupta, C. K. | author2 = Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar | publisher =CRC Press| date = 2004| isbn =978-0-415-33340-5}}</ref> The only denser white material is [[thorium dioxide]], with density of 10&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>, but the thorium it contains is radioactive.

Lutetium is also a compound of several [[Scintillator|scintillating materials]], which convert X-rays to visible light. It is part of [[Lutetium–yttrium oxyorthosilicate|LYSO]], [[Lutetium aluminium garnet|LuAG]] and [[Lutetium(III) iodide|lutetium iodide]] scintillators.

Research indicates that lutetium-ion atomic clocks could provide greater accuracy than any existing atomic clock.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = K.J. | last1 = Arnold | first2 = R. | last2 = Kaewuam | first3 = A. | last3 = Roy | first4 = T.R. | last4 = Tan | first5 = M.D. | last5 = Barrett | title = Blackbody radiation shift assessment for a lutetium ion clock | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | page = 1650 | year=2018 | doi=10.1038/s41467-018-04079-x | pmid = 29695720 | pmc = 5917023 | bibcode = 2018NatCo...9.1650A | arxiv = 1712.00240 }}</ref>

===Unstable isotopes===
The suitable half-life and decay mode made lutetium-176 used as a pure beta emitter, using lutetium which has been exposed to [[neutron activation]], and in [[lutetium–hafnium dating]] to date [[meteorite]]s.<ref>{{cite book| page=51| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uYmP0K5PXEC&pg=PA52| title =Lectures in Astrobiology| author = Muriel Gargaud| author2 = Hervé Martin| author3 = Philippe Claeys|publisher= Springer|date = 2007| isbn =978-3-540-33692-1}}</ref> 

The isotope <sup>177</sup>Lu emits low-energy beta particles and gamma rays and has a half-life around 7 days, positive characteristics for commercial applications, especially in therapeutic nuclear medicine.<ref name=PillaiKnapp>MR Pillai, Ambikalmajan, and Furn F Russ Knapp. "Evolving important role of lutetium-177 for therapeutic nuclear medicine." Current radiopharmaceuticals 8.2 (2015): 78-85.</ref>
The synthetic isotope [[Lutetium (177Lu) DOTA-octreotate|lutetium-177 bound to octreotate]] (a [[somatostatin]] analogue), is used experimentally in targeted [[radionuclide]] therapy for [[neuroendocrine tumors]].<ref>{{cite book| page=98| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtRdbUNbPn8C&pg=PA98| title =Metal complexes in tumor diagnosis and as anticancer agents| author=Sigel, Helmut | publisher=CRC Press| date =2004| isbn =978-0-8247-5494-5}}</ref> Lutetium-177 is used as a radionuclide in neuroendocrine tumor therapy and bone pain palliation.<ref>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 25771367
| year = 2015
| last1 = Balter
| first1 = H.
| title = 177Lu-Labeled Agents for Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy and Bone Pain Palliation in Uruguay
| journal = Current Radiopharmaceuticals
| volume = 9
| issue = 1
| pages = 85–93
| last2 = Trindade
| first2 = V.
| last3 = Terán
| first3 = M.
| last4 = Gaudiano
| first4 = J.
| last5 = Ferrando
| first5 = R.
| last6 = Paolino
| first6 = A.
| last7 = Rodriguez
| first7 = G.
| last8 = Hermida
| first8 = J.
| last9 = De Marco
| first9 = E.
| last10 = Oliver
| first10 = P.
| doi = 10.2174/1874471008666150313112620
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 25771368
| year = 2015
| last1 = Carollo
| first1 = A.
| title = Lutetium-177 Labeled Peptides: The European Institute of Oncology Experience
| journal = Current Radiopharmaceuticals
| volume = 9
| issue = 1
| pages = 19–32
| last2 = Papi
| first2 = S.
| last3 = Chinol
| first3 = M.
| doi = 10.2174/1874471008666150313111633
}}</ref> 

[[Lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan|Lutetium (<sup>177</sup>Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan]] is a therapy for [[prostate cancer]], FDA approved in 2022.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fallah |first1=Jaleh |last2=Agrawal |first2=Sundeep |last3=Gittleman |first3=Haley |last4=Fiero |first4=Mallorie H. |last5=Subramaniam |first5=Sriram |last6=John |first6=Christy |last7=Chen |first7=Wei |last8=Ricks |first8=Tiffany K. |last9=Niu |first9=Gang |last10=Fotenos |first10=Anthony |last11=Wang |first11=Min |last12=Chiang |first12=Kelly |last13=Pierce |first13=William F. |last14=Suzman |first14=Daniel L. |last15=Tang |first15=Shenghui |last16=Pazdur |first16=Richard |last17=Amiri-Kordestani |first17=Laleh |last18=Ibrahim |first18=Amna |last19=Kluetz |first19=Paul G. |title=FDA Approval Summary: Lutetium Lu 177 Vipivotide Tetraxetan for Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer |journal=Clinical Cancer Research |date=1 May 2023 |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=1651–1657 |doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-22-2875|pmid=36469000 |pmc=10159870 }}</ref>