Editing Long-term memory (section)

==Dual-store memory model==
According to George [[George Armitage Miller|Miller]], whose paper in 1956 popularized the theory of the "magic number seven", short-term memory is limited to a certain number of chunks of information, while long-term memory has a limitless store.<ref>{{cite journal |pages=81–97 |doi=10.1037/h0043158 |url=http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/peterson/psy430s2001/Miller%20GA%20Magical%20Seven%20Psych%20Review%201955.pdf |title=The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information |year=1956 |last1=Miller |first1=George A. |journal=Psychological Review |volume=63 |issue=2 |pmid=13310704|hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4646-B |citeseerx=10.1.1.308.8071 |s2cid=15654531 }}</ref>

===Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model===
According to the dual store memory model proposed in 1968 by [[Richard C. Atkinson]] and [[Richard Shiffrin]], memories can reside in the short-term "buffer" for a limited time while they are simultaneously strengthening their associations in LTM.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Malmberg |first1=Kenneth J. |last2=Raaijmakers |first2=Jeroen G. W. |last3=Shiffrin |first3=Richard M. |date=May 2019 |title=50 years of research sparked by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) |journal=Memory & Cognition |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=561–574 |doi=10.3758/s13421-019-00896-7 |issn=0090-502X|doi-access=free |pmid=30689198 }}</ref> When items are first presented, they enter short-term memory for approximately twenty to thirty seconds,<ref name="Goldstein, E. Bruce, 1941–2015">{{Cite book|title=Cognitive psychology : connecting mind, research and everyday experience|last=Goldstein, E. Bruce, 1941–|date=2015|publisher=Cengage learning|isbn=978-1285763880|edition=4th|location=New york|oclc=885178247}}</ref> but due to its limited space, as new items enter, older ones are pushed out. The limit of items that can be held in the short-term memory is an average between four and seven, yet, with practice and new skills that number can be increased.<ref name="Goldstein, E. Bruce, 1941–2015"/> However, each time an item in short-term memory is rehearsed, it is strengthened in long-term memory. Similarly, the longer an item stays in short-term memory, the stronger its association becomes in long-term memory.<ref name="Atkinson 1968 89–195">{{cite book |pages=89–195| last1=Atkinson| first1=R.C.| last2=Shiffrin | first2=R.M.| year=1968| title=Chapter: Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes| volume=2| doi=10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60422-3| series=Psychology of Learning and Motivation| isbn=9780125433020| s2cid=22958289| url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2qq391s9}}</ref>

===Baddeley's model of working memory===
{{Main|Baddeley's model of working memory}}

In 1974, [[Alan Baddeley|Baddeley]] and [[Graham Hitch|Hitch]] proposed an alternative theory of short-term memory, [[Baddeley's model of working memory]]. According to this theory, short-term memory is divided into different slave systems for different types of input items, and there is an executive control supervising what items enter and exit those systems.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/14640746608400047| last=Baddeley| first=A.D.| year=1966| title=The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on long-term memory for word sequences| journal=The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology| volume=18| pages=302–309 | pmid=5956072 | issue=4| s2cid=39981510}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1080/14640746608400047 | last1=Baddeley| first1=A.D.| last2=Hitch| first2=G.J.L| year=1974| title=Working Memory | pmid=5956072 | volume=18 | issue=4 | journal=Q J Exp Psychol | pages=302–9| s2cid=39981510}}</ref> The slave systems include the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer (later added by Baddeley).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baddeley A |title=The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? |journal=Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=417–423 |date=November 2000 |pmid=11058819 |doi=10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2|s2cid=14333234 |doi-access=free }}</ref>