Editing Lombok (section)

== Religion ==
[[File:LombokBayan.JPG|thumb|The oldest mosque dating from 1634 in Bayan.]]
[[File:Pura Meru.jpg|thumb|Pura Meru in [[Mataram (city)|Mataram]], a Hindu temple built in 1720.]]
[[File:TanjungBuddhTemple.JPG|thumb|Buddhist Temple near Tanjung on the north coast.]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Lombokkers in feesttenue voeren een traditionele krijgsdans uit. TMnr 60004285.jpg|thumb|Indigenous Sasak dancers performing traditional Lombok wardance {{circa| 1880}}]]

The island's [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Sasak]] people are predominantly [[Muslim]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pepplinkhuizen |first=Coenraad A. (Coen) |date=1991 |chapter=Religion - Vision of Duality and Balance |editor=David Pickell |others=Photographs by Kal Muller |title=East of Bali : from Lombok to Timor |location=Lincolnwood [[Illinois|IL]] |publisher=Passport Books |isbn=0844299057 |p=36 |access-date=2024-06-20 |url=https://archive.org/details/eastofbalifromlo00ml/page/36/mode/1up?q=statistics }}</ref> However before the arrival of [[Islam]] Lombok experienced a long period of [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] influence that reached the island through [[Java]]. A minority [[Bali]]nese Hindu culture remains in Lombok. Islam may have first been brought to Lombok by traders arriving from [[Sumbawa]] in the 17th century who then established a following in eastern Lombok. Other accounts describe the first influences arriving in the first half of the sixteenth century.  The palm leaf manuscript Babad Lombok which contains the history of Lombok describes how Sunan Prapen was sent by his father The Susuhunan Ratu of Giri on a military expedition to Lombok and Sumbawa in order to convert the population and propagate the new [[Religion in Indonesia|religion]].  However, the new religion took on a highly [[syncretist]]ic character, frequently mixing [[animist]] and Hindu-Buddhist beliefs and practices with Islam.<ref name="Cederroth 1996">{{Cite journal |last=Cederroth |first=Sven |date=1996 |title=From Ancestor Worship to Monotheism: Politics of Religion in Lombok |journal=Temenos |language=en |volume=32 |pages=7–36 |doi=10.33356/temenos.4916 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A more orthodox version of Islam increased in popularity in the early twentieth century. The Indonesian government religionization programs (acquiring of a religion) in Lombok during 1967 and 1968 led to a period of some considerable confusion in religious allegiances and practices. These religionization programs later led to the emergence of more conformity in religious practices in Lombok. The Hindu minority religion is still practised in Lombok alongside the majority Muslim religion.<ref name="Cederroth 1996" />

[[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hinduism]] is followed by ethnic Balinese and by a minority of the indigenous Sasak. All the main Hindu religious ceremonies are celebrated in Lombok and there are many villages throughout Lombok that have a Hindu majority population. According to local legends two of the oldest villages on the island, Bayan, and Sembalun, were founded by a prince of [[Majapahit]].<ref name="Cederroth 1996" /> According to the 2010 population census declared adherents of [[Hinduism]] numbered 101,000 people with the highest concentration in the [[Mataram (city)|Mataram]] Regency where they accounted for 14% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peringatan |url=http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 |url-status=dead |access-date=2013-09-19 |archive-date=2017-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203121120/http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 }}</ref> The Ditjen Bimas Hindu (DBH)/ Hindu Religious Affairs Directorate's own analysis conducted in close association with Hindu communities throughout the country found that the number of Hindus in the population is much higher than counted in the government census. The survey carried out in 2012 found the Hindu population of Lombok to be 445,933. This figure is more in line with the commonly stated view that 10–15% of the Islands population is Hindu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=id&u=http://bimashindu.kemenag.go.id/&prev=/search%3Fq%3DDitjen%2BBimas%2BHindu%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DJ48%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-GB:official |url-status=dead |title=Google Translate |access-date=2021-07-28 |archive-date=2021-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430121211/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=id&u=http%3A%2F%2Fbimashindu.kemenag.go.id%2F&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DDitjen%2BBimas%2BHindu%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DJ48%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla%3Aen-GB%3Aofficial }}</ref>

The [[Nagarakertagama]], the 14th-century palm leaf poem that was found on Lombok places the island as one of the vassals of the Majapahit empire. This manuscript contained detailed descriptions of the Majapahit Kingdom and also affirmed the importance of Hindu-Buddhism in the Majapahit empire by describing temple, palaces and several ceremonial observances.<ref name="Cederroth 1996" />

[[Christianity in Indonesia|Christianity]] is practised by a small minority including some ethnic Chinese and immigrants from Bali and East Nusa Tenggara. There are Roman Catholic churches and parishes in Ampenan, Mataram, Praya and Tanjung. There is a catholic hospital in Mataram as well. Two Buddhist temples can be visited in and around Tanjung where about 800 Buddhists live.

The history of a small Arab community in Lombok has history dating back to early settlement by traders from Yemen. The community is still evident mainly in Ampenan, the old Port of Mataram. Due to the siting of a UNHCR refugee centre in Lombok some refugees from middle eastern countries have intermarried with Lombok people{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}.

A non-orthodox Islamic group found only on Lombok are the Wektu Telu ("Three times"), who performed three obligatory daily prayers ([[Salah]]) instead of five observed by majority of Muslim elsewhere.{{efn|The authority for the basic forms and number of the salah (daily prayer) is neither the hadiths nor the Quran, but rather the consensus of Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://al-mawrid.org/pages/articles_english_detail.php?rid=156&cid=312|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724232305/http://al-mawrid.org/pages/articles_english_detail.php?rid=156&cid=312|url-status=dead|title=Al-Mawrid|archivedate=24 July 2011|website=al-mawrid.org}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mishkat al-Masabih 981 - Prayer - كتاب الصلاة - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/mishkat:981|access-date=2021-04-19|website=sunnah.com}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2025}}}} Waktu Telu beliefs are entwined with [[animism]], and is influenced not only by Islam, but also Hinduism and [[pantheistic]] beliefs. There are also remnants of Boda who maintain native Sasak beliefs and could be representative of an original Sasak culture, undiluted by later Islamic influences.<ref name="Cederroth 1996" />

Many influences of animist belief prevail within the Sasak people, most of whom believe in the existence of spirits or ''ghosts''. They regard both food and prayer as indispensable whenever they seek to communicate with spirits, including the dead and ritualistic traditional practices endure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Telle |first=Kari G. |date=2000 |title=Feeding the Dead; Reformulating Sasak Mortuary Practices |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |language=en |volume=156 |issue=4 |pages=771–805 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003829 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Traditional magic is practised to ward off evil and illness and to seek solutions to disputations and antipathy. Magic may be practised by an individual alone but normally a person experienced in such things is sought out to render a service. Normally money or gifts are made to this person and the most powerful practitioners are treated with considerable respect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anatun Aupia |date=2017-07-18 |title=Health Belief Profile in Lombok Island, Indonesia |url=https://stikeshamzar.ac.id/health-belief-profile-in-lombok-island-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201084131/https://stikeshamzar.ac.id/health-belief-profile-in-lombok-island-indonesia/ |archive-date=2020-02-01 |access-date=2020-02-01 |website=stikeshamzar.ac.id |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Further|Merariq}}