Editing Liquid-crystal display (section)

===1990s===
In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to ''twisted nematic field effect LCDs'' (TN- and STN-LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=3834794 |title=Espacenet&nbsp;— Bibliographic data |publisher=Worldwide.espacenet.com |date=September 10, 1974 |access-date=August 15, 2014 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308185719/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=3834794 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{US patent|3834794}}: R. Soref, ''Liquid crystal electric field sensing measurement and display device'', filed June 28, 1973.</ref> To take full advantage of the properties of this ''[[In Plane Switching]] (IPS) technology'', further work was needed. After thorough analysis, details of advantageous embodiments are filed in [[Germany]] by Guenter Baur ''et al.'' and patented in various countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=5576867 |title=Espacenet&nbsp;— Bibliographic data |publisher=Worldwide.espacenet.com |date=November 19, 1996 |access-date=August 15, 2014 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308002522/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=5576867 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{US patent|5576867}}: G. Baur, W. Fehrenbach, B. Staudacher, F. Windscheid, R. Kiefer, ''Liquid crystal switching elements having a parallel electric field and beta<sub>o</sub> which is not 0 or 90 degrees'', filed January 9, 1990.</ref> The Fraunhofer Institute ISE in Freiburg, where the inventors worked, assigns these patents to [[Merck KGaA|Merck KGaA, Darmstadt]], a supplier of LC substances. In 1992, shortly thereafter, engineers at [[Hitachi]] worked out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=5598285 |title=Espacenet&nbsp;— Bibliographic data |publisher=Worldwide.espacenet.com |date=January 28, 1997 |access-date=August 15, 2014 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308044710/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=5598285 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{US patent|5598285}}: K. Kondo, H. Terao, H. Abe, M. Ohta, K. Suzuki, T. Sasaki, G. Kawachi, J. Ohwada, ''Liquid crystal display device'', filed September 18, 1992, and January 20, 1993.</ref> The first wall-mountable LCD TV was introduced by [[Sharp Corporation]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite book | title=Popular Science | date=January 1992 | publisher=Bonnier Corporation | issn=0161-7370 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87 | page=87 | access-date=June 6, 2023 | archive-date=April 5, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405004503/https://books.google.com/books?id=rgEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (''Super IPS''). [[NEC]] and Hitachi became early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, [[Samsung]] developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and [[In Plane Switching]] subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v382/n6593/pdf/382666c0.pdf |title=Optical Patterning |journal=Nature |date=August 22, 1996 |access-date=June 13, 2008}}</ref> In the late 1990s, the LCD industry began shifting away from Japan, towards [[South Korea]] and [[Taiwan]],<ref name="kawamoto" /> and later on towards China.