Editing Lilium (section)

===Classification of garden forms===
Numerous forms, mostly hybrids, are grown for the garden. They vary according to the species and interspecific hybrids that they derived from, and are classified in the following broad groups:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lilies.org/culture/types-of-lilies/ |title=North American Lily Society: Types of Lilies |publisher=Lilies.org |access-date=2013-02-03 |archive-date=2013-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103073939/http://www.lilies.org/culture/types-of-lilies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-4053-3296-5|page=1136}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The RHS is the International Registration Authority for lilies|url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/Lily-cultivar-registration|access-date=2014-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521152642/http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/Lily-cultivar-registration|archive-date=2014-05-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Asiatic hybrids (Division I)====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium canadense.JPG
File:Dwarf Asian Lily Tiny Dessert (closeup).jpg
File:Lilium %27Navona%272.jpg
File:Lily Festival 2009 Neepawa Manitoba Canada %2816%29.JPG
File:Lilium Cappuccino.jpg
File:Lilium Dimension.JPG
</gallery>
: These are derived from hybrids between species in ''Lilium'' [[Section (botany)|section]] ''Sinomartagon''.<ref name=Barba-Gonzalez>{{cite journal |author1=Barba-Gonzalez, R. |author2=Lokker, A.C. |author3=Lim, K.B. |author4=Ramanna, M.S. |author5=Van Tuyl, J.M. |year=2004 |title=Use of 2n gametes for the production of sexual polyploids from sterile Oriental × Asiatic hybrids of lilies (''Lilium'') |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |volume=109 |issue=6 |pages=1125–1132 |doi=10.1007/s00122-004-1739-0|pmid=15290047 |s2cid=7992120 }}</ref><ref name=Tuyl>{{cite journal |url=http://www.liliumbreeding.nl/LA%2010715.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606230707/http://www.liliumbreeding.nl/LA%2010715.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-06-06 |title=''Lilium'': Breeding History of the Modern Cultivar Assortment |last1=van Tuyl |first1=J.M.|last2=Arens |first2=P. |journal=Acta Horticulturae |volume=900 |year=2011 |pages=223–230 }}</ref>
: They are derived from central and East Asian species and interspecific hybrids, including ''[[Lilium amabile]]'', ''[[Lilium bulbiferum]]'', ''[[Lilium callosum]]'', ''[[Lilium cernuum]]'', ''[[Lilium concolor]]'', ''[[Lilium dauricum]]'', ''[[Lilium davidii]]'', ''[[Lilium × hollandicum]]'', ''[[Lilium lancifolium]]'' (syn. ''[[Lilium tigrinum]]''), ''[[Lilium lankongense]]'', ''[[Lilium leichtlinii]]'', ''[[Lilium maculatum|Lilium × maculatum]]'', ''[[Lilium pumilum]]'', ''[[Lilium × scottiae]]'', ''[[Lilium wardii]]'' and ''[[Lilium wilsonii]]''.
: These are plants with medium-sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. There are various cultivars such as Lilium 'Cappuccino', Lilium 'Dimension', Lilium 'Little Kiss' and [[Lilium 'Navona']].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lilium Asiatic Navona – Lily |url=https://brentandbeckysbulbs.com/Lilium/Navona/Lily |publisher=brentandbeckysbulbs.com |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202063531/https://brentandbeckysbulbs.com/Lilium/Navona/Lily |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Dwarf (Patio, Border) varieties are much shorter, c.36–61&nbsp;cm in height and were designed for containers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://extension.umass.edu/floriculture/fact-sheets/production-hybrid-lilies-pot-plants|title=Tina M. Smith. Production of Hybrid Lilies as Pot Plants. University of Massachusetts, Amherst|work=Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-date=2014-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810193205/https://extension.umass.edu/floriculture/fact-sheets/production-hybrid-lilies-pot-plants|url-status=dead}}</ref> They often bear the cultivar name 'Tiny', such as the 'Lily Looks' series, e.g. 'Tiny Padhye',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-padhye.html|title=Plant Profile for Lilium 'Tiny Padhye' – Dwarf Asiatic Lily Perennial|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-date=2015-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508095504/http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-padhye.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> 'Tiny Dessert'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-dessert.html|title=Plant Profile for Lilium 'Tiny Dessert' – Dwarf Asiatic Lily Perennial|access-date=2014-08-07|archive-date=2014-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811024402/http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-dessert.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Martagon hybrids (Division II)====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium %27Claude Shride%27 2013 013.JPG
File:Lilium %27Kalna Karalis%27 2013 015.JPG
File:Lilium %27Manitoba Fox%27 007.JPG
File:Lilium %27Mrs R.O.Backhouse%27 (cropped).jpg
File:Lilium %27Slate%27s Morning%27.jpg
File:Lilium, Hare Hill, Cheshire 2c.jpg
</gallery>
:These are based on ''[[Lilium dalhansonii]]'', ''[[Lilium hansonii]]'', ''[[Lilium martagon]]'', ''[[Lilium medeoloides]]'', and ''[[Lilium tsingtauense]]''.
:The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).

====Candidum (Euro-Caucasian) hybrids (Division III)====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium x testaceum.jpg
</gallery>
: This includes mostly European species: ''[[Lilium candidum]]'', ''[[Lilium chalcedonicum]]'', ''[[Lilium kesselringianum]]'', ''[[Lilium monadelphum]]'', ''[[Lilium pomponium]]'', ''[[Lilium pyrenaicum]]'' and ''[[Lilium × testaceum]]''.

====American hybrids (Division IV)====
: These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''[[Lilium bolanderi]]'', ''[[Lilium × burbankii]]'', ''[[Lilium canadense]]'', ''[[Lilium columbianum]]'', ''[[Lilium grayi]]'', ''[[Lilium humboldtii]]'', ''[[Lilium kelleyanum]]'', ''[[Lilium kelloggii]]'', ''[[Lilium maritimum]]'', ''[[Lilium michauxii]]'', ''[[Lilium michiganense]]'', ''[[Lilium occidentale]]'', ''[[Lilium × pardaboldtii]]'', ''[[Lilium pardalinum]]'', ''[[Lilium parryi]]'', ''[[Lilium parvum]]'', ''[[Lilium philadelphicum]]'', ''[[Lilium pitkinense]]'', ''[[Lilium superbum]]'', ''[[Lilium ollmeri]]'', ''[[Lilium washingtonianum]]'',  and ''[[Lilium wigginsii]]''.
:Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.

====Longiflorum hybrids (Division V)====
: These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies.
:They are most important as plants for [[cut flowers]], and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.

====Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids (with ''L. henryi'')====
{{anchor|Trumpet lilies}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium x African Queen.jpg
File:Lilium %27Fanfare%27.jpg
File:Lilium Pink Perfection1f.UME.jpg
File:Lilium x Dresdener Romance.jpg
File:Lilium x aurelianense1MTFL.jpg
</gallery>
: This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species and their interspecific hybrids, including ''[[Lilium × aurelianense]]'', ''[[Lilium brownii]]'', ''[[Lilium × centigale]]'', ''[[Lilium henryi]]'', ''[[Lilium × imperiale]]'', ''[[Lilium × kewense]]'', ''[[Lilium leucanthum]]'', ''[[Lilium regale]]'', ''[[Lilium rosthornii]]'', ''[[Lilium sargentiae]]'', ''[[Lilium sulphureum]]'' and ''[[Lilium × sulphurgale]]''.
:The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.

====Oriental hybrids (Division VII)====
{{anchor|Oriental lilies}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Oriental hybrid1 (cropped).jpg
File:Smithsoniangardens1.jpg
File:Lilium Dizzy.jpg
File:Lilium x Universe.jpg
File:Lilium Golden Stargazer.jpg
File:Lilium %27Marco Polo%27 Flower 2580px.jpg
</gallery>
: These are based on hybrids within ''Lilium'' [[Section (botany)|section]] ''Archelirion'',<ref name=Barba-Gonzalez /><ref name=Tuyl />  specifically ''[[Lilium auratum]]'' and ''[[Lilium speciosum]]'', together with crossbreeds from several species native to Japan, including ''[[Lilium nobilissimum]]'', ''[[Lilium rubellum]]'', ''[[Lilium alexandrae]]'', and ''[[Lilium japonicum]]''.
:They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. The whole group are sometimes referred to as "stargazers" because many of them appear to look upwards. (For the specific cultivar, see [[Lilium 'Stargazer'|''Lilium'' 'Stargazer']].)

====Other hybrids (Division VIII)====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium 'Royal Trinity' 03.JPG
File:Lilium x Sea Treasure.jpg
File:Lilium x Red Alert.jpg
File:Lilium 'Anastasiya' 03.JPG
File:Lily -- Lilium 'Tiny Double You'.jpg|
File:Lilium 'Eyeliner' 06.JPG
File:Dwarf Asiatic Lily Hybrid-Lilium 'Matrix'-Offnfopt 4635.JPG
</gallery>
: Includes all other garden hybrids.

====Species (Division IX)====
: All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.

The flowers can be classified by flower aspect and form:<ref>{{cite web |title=Application For Registration Of A Lily Name |author=The RHS International Lily Registrar |url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/lily-name-registration |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522045522/http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/lily-name-registration |archive-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Flower aspect:
:*a up-facing
:*b out-facing
:*c down-facing
* Flower form:
:*a trumpet-shaped
:*b bowl-shaped
:*c flat (or with tepal tips recurved)
:*d tepals strongly recurved (with the Turk's cap form as the ultimate state)

Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as ovary culture and embryo rescue.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=van Tuyl |first1=J.M. |last2=Binoa |first2=R.J. |last3=Vancreij |first3=M. |last4=Vankleinwee |first4=T. |last5=Franken |first5=J. |last6=Bino |first6=R. |title=Application of in vitro pollination, ovary culture, ovule culture and embryo rescue for overcoming incongruity barriers in interspecific ''Lilium'' crosses  |journal=Plant Science |volume=74 |issue=1 |year=1991 |pages=115–126 |doi=10.1016/0168-9452(91)90262-7|bibcode=1991PlnSc..74..115V }}</ref>