Editing Lilith (section)

== In the Hebrew Bible ==
The word {{Transliteration|he|lilit}} (or {{Transliteration|he|lilith}}) only [[hapax legomenon|appears once]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]], in a prophecy regarding the fate of [[Edom]].<ref name="bibleverse|Isaiah|34:14|HE"/> Most other nouns in the list appear more than once and thus are better documented, with the exception of another ''hapax legomenon'': the word ''[[qippoz]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Childs |first=Brevard S. |title=Isaiah: A Commentary by Brevard S. Childs |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-664-22143-0 |edition=1st |series=The Old Testament library |location=Louisville, Kentucky |author-link=Brevard Childs}}</ref> The reading of scholars and translators is often guided by a decision about the complete list of eight creatures as a whole.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioLT-x9KtCoC|last=de Waard|first=Jan|title=A handbook on Isaiah|location=Winona Lake, IN|date=1997|isbn=1-57506-023-X}}</ref>{{efn|See ''The animals mentioned in the Bible'' [[Henry Chichester Hart]] 1888, and more modern sources; also entries [[Brown Driver Briggs]] ''Hebrew Lexicon'' for {{Transliteration|he|tsiyyim, 'iyyim, sayir, liylith, qippowz}} and {{Transliteration|he|dayah}}.}} Quoting from [[Isaiah 34]] ([[New American Bible|NAB]]):
{{blockquote|(12) Her nobles shall be no more, nor shall kings be proclaimed there; all her princes are gone. (13) Her castles shall be overgrown with thorns, her fortresses with thistles and briers. She shall become an abode for jackals and a haunt for ostriches. (14) Wildcats shall meet with desert beasts, satyrs shall call to one another; There shall the Lilith repose, and find for herself a place to rest. (15) There the hoot owl shall nest and lay eggs, hatch them out and gather them in her shadow; There shall the kites assemble, none shall be missing its mate. (16) Look in the book of the LORD and read: No one of these shall be lacking, For the mouth of the LORD has ordered it, and His spirit shall gather them there. (17) It is He who casts the lot for them, and with His hands He marks off their shares of her; They shall possess her forever, and dwell there from generation to generation.}}

=== Hebrew text ===
In the [[Masoretic Text]]:
{{blockquote|{{Script/Hebrew|,וּפָגְשׁוּ צִיִּים אֶת-אִיִּים, וְשָׂעִיר עַל-רֵעֵהוּ יִקְרָא; אַךְ-שָׁם הִרְגִּיעָה '''לִּילִית''', וּמָצְאָה לָהּ מָנוֹח}}}}

{{blockquote|{{Transliteration|he|''up̄āḡəšu ṣiyyim eṯ-ʾiyyim, wəśāʿir ʿal-rēʿēhu yiqrā; ʾaḵ-šam hirgiʿā ''liliṯ'', umāṣʾā lāh mānoḥ''}}}}

{{poemquote|34:14 "And shall-meet wildcats<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1034.htm#14 |title=Isaiah 34:14 (JPS 1917) |website=Mechon Mamre |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119120516/https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1034.htm#14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with jackals
the goat he-calls his- fellow
{{Transliteration|he|lilit}} ({{Transliteration|he|lilith}}) she-rests and she-finds rest{{efn|{{Script/Hebrew|מנוח}}, {{Transliteration|he|manoaḥ}}, used for birds as Noah's dove, Gen.8:9 and also humans as Israel, Deut.28:65; Naomi, Ruth 3:1.}}
34:15 there she-shall-nest the great-owl, and she-lays-(eggs), and she-hatches, and she-gathers under her-shadow:
hawks {{bracket|kites, [[gledes]]}} also they-gather, every one with its mate.}}

In the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], among the 19 fragments of [[Isaiah]] found at [[Qumran]], the [[Isaiah scroll|Great Isaiah Scroll]] (1Q1Isa) in 34:14 renders the creature as plural {{Transliteration|he|liliyyot}} (or {{Transliteration|he|liliyyoth}}).{{sfnp|Blair|2009|p=27}}<ref>Morray-Jones, Christopher R. A. (2002) ''A transparent illusion: the dangerous vision of water in Hekhalot''. Brill. {{ISBN|9004113371}}. Vol. 59, p. 258: "Early evidence of the belief in a plurality of liliths is provided by the [[Isaiah scroll]] from Qumran, which gives the name as liliyyot, and by the targum to Isaiah, which, in both cases, reads" (Targum reads: "when Lilith the Queen of [Sheba] and of Margod fell upon them.")</ref>

[[Eberhard Schrader]] (1875)<ref>''Jahrbuch für Protestantische Theologie 1'', 1875. p. 128.</ref> and [[Moritz Abraham Levy]] (1855)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=338&letter=L |last= Levy |first= Moritz Abraham |title= Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft |volume= ZDMG 9. 1885 |pages= 470, 484 |access-date= 12 September 2010 |archive-date= 18 October 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111018174637/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=338&letter=L |url-status= live }}</ref> suggest that Lilith was a demon of the night, known also by the [[Babylonian captivity|Jewish exiles in Babylon]]. Schrader's and Levy's view is therefore partly dependent on a later dating of [[Deutero-Isaiah]] to the 6th century BC and the presence of Jews in [[Baghdad]] in the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]], which would coincide with the possible references to the {{Transliteration|akk|Lilītu}} in Babylonian [[demonology]]. However, this view is challenged by Judit M. Blair, who argues that the context indicates [[unclean animal]]s.{{sfnp|Blair|2009}}

=== Greek version ===
The [[Septuagint]] translates both the reference to Lilith and the word for jackals or "wild beasts of the island" within the same verse into Greek as {{Transliteration|grc|[[onocentaur|onokentauros]]}}, apparently assuming them to refer to the same creatures and omitting "wildcats/wild beasts of the desert." Under this reading, instead of the wildcats or desert beasts meeting with the jackals or island beasts, the goat or "satyr" crying "to his fellow" and lilith or "screech owl" resting "there", it is the goat or "satyr", translated as {{Transliteration|grc|[[Unclean spirit|daimonia]]}} "demons", and the jackals or island beasts "{{Transliteration|grc|onocentaurs}}" meeting with each other and crying "one to the other" and the latter resting there.{{efn|34:14 {{lang|grc|καὶ συναντήσουσιν δαιμόνια ὀνοκενταύροις καὶ βοήσουσιν ἕτερος πρὸς τὸν ἕτερον ἐκεῖ ἀναπαύσονται '''ὀνοκένταυροι''' εὗρον γὰρ αὑτοῖς ἀνάπαυσιν}}

Translation: And {{Transliteration|grc|daemons}} shall meet with {{Transliteration|grc|onocentaurs}}, and they shall cry one to the other: there shall the {{Transliteration|grc|'''onocentaurs'''}} rest, having found for themselves [a place of] rest.}}

=== Latin Bible ===
The early 5th-century [[Vulgate]] translated the same word as {{lang|la|[[lamia]]}}.<ref name="Wikisource_Isaiah">{{cite web
 | title = The Old Testament (Vulgate)/Isaias propheta
 | publisher = Wikisource (Latin)
 | url = http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Old_Testament_(Vulgate)/Isaias_propheta
 | access-date = 24 September 2007
 | archive-date = 18 April 2023
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230418100245/https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Old_Testament_(Vulgate)/Isaias_propheta
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref><ref name="LatinVulgate">{{cite web
 | title = Parallel Latin Vulgate Bible and Douay-Rheims Bible and King James Bible; The Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ
 | publisher = Latin Vulgate
 | url = http://www.latinvulgate.com/verse.aspx?t=0&b=27&c=34
 | access-date = 28 May 2020
 | archive-date = 10 June 2023
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230610181341/http://www.latinvulgate.com/verse.aspx?t=0&b=27&c=34
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|{{lang|la|et occurrent daemonia onocentauris et pilosus clamabit alter ad alterum ibi cubavit lamia et invenit sibi requiem}}|Isaiah (Isaias Propheta) 34.14|Vulgate}}

The translation is, "And demons shall meet with monsters, and one hairy one shall cry out to another; there the lamia has lain down and found rest for herself".

=== English versions ===
[[Wycliffe's Bible]] (1395) preserves the Latin rendering {{lang|la|lamia}}:

{{blockquote|Isa 34:15 {{lang|enm|'''Lamya''' schal ligge there, and foond rest there to hir silf.}}}}

The [[Bishops' Bible]] of [[Matthew Parker]] (1568) from the Latin:

{{blockquote|Isa 34:14 there shall the '''Lamia''' lye and haue her lodgyng.}}

[[Douay–Rheims Bible]] (1582/1610) also preserves the Latin rendering {{lang|la|lamia}}:

{{blockquote|Isa 34:14 And demons and monsters shall meet, and the hairy ones shall cry out one to another, there hath the lamia lain down, and found rest for herself.}}

The [[Geneva Bible]] of [[William Whittingham]] (1587) from the Hebrew:

{{blockquote|Isa 34:14 and the '''screech owl''' shall rest there, and shall finde for her selfe a quiet dwelling.}}

Then the [[King James Version]] (1611):

{{blockquote|Isa 34:14 The wild [[wikt:beast|beasts]] of the desert shall also meet with the wild beasts of the [[island]], and the [[satyr]] shall cry to his fellow; the '''[[screech owl]]''' also shall rest there, and find for herself a place of rest.}}

The "screech owl" translation of the King James Version is, together with the "owl" ({{Transliteration|he|yanšup}}, probably a water bird) in 34:11 and the "great owl" ({{Transliteration|he|qippoz}}, translated in other versions as a snake) of 34:15, an attempt to render the passage by choosing suitable animals for difficult to translate Hebrew words.

Later translations include:
* night-owl (Young, 1898)
* night spectre (Rotherham, [[Emphasized Bible]], 1902)
* night [[monster]] ([[American Standard Version|ASV]], 1901; [[Jewish Publication Society of America Version|JPS]] 1917, Good News Translation, 1992; [[New American Standard Bible|NASB]], 1995)
* [[vampire]]s (Moffatt Translation, 1922; [[Knox Bible]], 1950)
* night [[hag]] ([[Revised Standard Version]], 1947)
* Lilith ([[Jerusalem Bible]], 1966)
* (the) lilith ([[New American Bible]], 1970)
* Lilith ([[New Revised Standard Version]], 1989)
* (the) night-demon Lilith, evil and rapacious ([[The Message (Bible)]], Peterson, 1993)
* night creature ([[New International Version]], 1978; [[New King James Version]], 1982; [[New Living Translation]], 1996, [[Today's New International Version]])
* [[nightjar]] ([[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures]], 1984)
* night bird ([[English Standard Version]], 2001)
* night-bird ([[New American Standard Bible|NASB]], 2020)
* nocturnal animals ([[New English Translation]] (NET Bible))