Editing Lepidoptera (section)

== Internal morphology ==

===Reproductive system===
In the [[Lepidoptera genitalia|reproductive system of butterflies and moths]], the male [[genitalia]] are complex and unclear. In females the three types of genitalia are based on the relating taxa: 'monotrysian', 'exoporian', and 'ditrysian'. In the monotrysian type is an opening on the fused segments of the sterna 9 and 10, which act as insemination and oviposition. In the exoporian type (in [[Hepialoidea]] and [[Mnesarchaeoidea]]) are two separate places for insemination and oviposition, both occurring on the same sterna as the monotrysian type, i.e. 9 and 10.<ref name="Gillot"/> The ditrysian groups have an internal duct that carries sperm, with separate openings for copulation and egg-laying.<ref name="Resh & Carde"/> In most species, the genitalia are flanked by two soft lobes, although they may be specialized and sclerotized in some species for ovipositing in area such as crevices and inside plant tissue.<ref name="Gillot"/> Hormones and the glands that produce them run the development of butterflies and moths as they go through their life cycles, called the [[endocrine system]]. The first insect hormone [[prothoracicotropic hormone]] (PTTH) operates the species life cycle and [[#Diapause|diapause]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1538279|pmid=20268135|year=1947|last1=Williams|first1=C. M.|title=Physiology of insect diapause. ii. interaction between the pupal brain and prothoracic glands in the metamorphosis of the giant silkworm, ''Platysamia cecropia''|journal=The Biological Bulletin|volume=93|issue=2|pages=89–98|jstor=1538279|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/34159}}</ref> This hormone is produced by [[corpora allata]] and [[corpus cardiacum|corpora cardiaca]], where it is also stored. Some glands are specialized to perform certain task such as producing silk or producing saliva in the palpi.<ref name="Gullan">{{cite book |last=Gullan |first=P. J. |author2=P. S. Cranston |title=The Insects: An Outline of Entomology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7yGZasJ7nEC&q=Insects |publisher=Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated |location=Oxford |date=22 March 2010 |edition=4 |isbn=978-1-4443-3036-6 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601163209/https://books.google.com/books?id=S7yGZasJ7nEC&q=Insects |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|65, 75}} While the corpora cardiaca produce PTTH, the corpora allata also produces juvenile hormones, and the prothorocic glands produce moulting hormones.

===Digestive system===
In the [[digestive system]], the anterior region of the foregut has been modified to form a pharyngeal <!-- no link as pharynx and pharyngeal articles are human-oriented --> sucking pump as they need it for the food they eat, which are for the most part liquids. An [[esophagus]] follows and leads to the posterior of the pharynx and in some species forms a form of crop. The midgut is short and straight, with the hindgut being longer and coiled.<ref name="Gillot"/> Ancestors of lepidopteran species, stemming from [[Hymenoptera]], had midgut ceca, although this is lost in current butterflies and moths. Instead, all the digestive enzymes, other than initial digestion, are immobilized at the surface of the midgut cells. In larvae, long-necked and stalked [[goblet cell]]s are found in the anterior and posterior midgut regions, respectively. In insects, the goblet cells excrete positive [[potassium]] ions, which are absorbed from leaves ingested by the larvae. Most butterflies and moths display the usual digestive cycle, but species with different diets require adaptations to meet these new demands.<ref name="Resh and Carde"/>{{Rp|279}}  Some, like the [[luna moth]], exhibit no digestive system whatsoever; they survive as adults from stored energy consumed as larvae and live for no longer than 7–10 days.<ref name=Tuskes1996>{{Citation |vauthors= Tuskes PM, Tuttle JP, Collins MM |year= 1996 |title= The Wild Silk Moths of North America: A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada |publisher= Cornell University Press |location= Ithaca, New York |pages= 182–184 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3vqpGATXU2oC&q=Phalena+plumata+caudata&pg=PA182|access-date=30 July 2018|isbn= 978-0801431302 }}.</ref>

[[File:Internal morphology of Lepidoptera.svg|500px|thumb|center|Internal morphology of adult male in the family [[Nymphalidae]], showing most of the major organ systems, with characteristic reduced forelegs of that family: The corpora include the corpus allatum and the corpus cardiaca.]]

===Circulatory system===
In the [[circulatory system]], [[hemolymph]], or insect blood, is used to circulate heat in a form of [[thermoregulation]], where muscles contraction produces heat, which is transferred to the rest of the body when conditions are unfavorable.<ref name=Lighton>{{cite journal |author1=Lighton J. R. B. |author2=Lovegrove B. G. | year = 1990 | title = A temperature-induced switch from diffusive to convective ventilation in the honeybee | journal = Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 154 | issue = 1| pages = 509–516 |doi=10.1242/jeb.154.1.509 | url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/154/1/509.pdf| doi-access = free |bibcode=1990JExpB.154..509L }}</ref> In lepidopteran species, hemolymph is circulated through the veins in the wings by some form of pulsating organ, either by the heart or by the intake of air into the [[Invertebrate trachea|trachea]].<ref name="Gullan"/>{{Rp|69}}

===Respiratory system===
Air is taken in through spiracles along the sides of the abdomen and thorax supplying the trachea with oxygen as it goes through the lepidopteran's [[respiratory system]]. Three different tracheaes supply and diffuse oxygen throughout the species' bodies. The dorsal tracheae supply oxygen to the dorsal musculature and vessels, while the ventral tracheae supply the ventral musculature and nerve cord, and the visceral tracheae supply the guts, fat bodies, and gonads.<ref name="Gullan"/>{{Rp|71, 72}}