Editing Leon Trotsky (section)

=== Second emigration (1907–1914) ===
[[File:ParvusTrotskiDeich.jpg|thumb|Trotsky (centre) with [[Alexander Parvus]] (left) and [[Leo Deutsch]] (right) in the Peter and Paul Fortress prison, Saint Petersburg, 1906]]
En route to exile in [[Obdorsk]], Siberia, in January 1907, Trotsky escaped at [[Beryozovo, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug|Berezov]]<ref>Chapter XXIII of [http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch17.htm ''1905''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060305033203/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch17.htm |date=5 March 2006}}</ref> and made his way to London. He attended the [[5th Congress of the RSDLP]]. In October, he moved to [[Vienna]], Austria-Hungary. For the next seven years, he participated in the activities of the [[Austrian Social Democratic Party]] and occasionally the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|German Social Democratic Party]].<ref name=":3" /> In Vienna, he became close to [[Adolph Joffe]], his friend for the next 20 years, who introduced him to [[psychoanalysis]].<ref>Chapter XVII of [http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch17.htm ''My Life''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060305033203/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch17.htm |date=5 March 2006}}, Marxist Internet Archive; retrieved 31 January 2018.</ref>

[[File:Троцкий читает газету „Правда“ в Вене (ок. 1910).jpg|thumb|left|upright=.7|Trotsky reading ''Pravda'' in Vienna, circa 1910]]
In October 1908, Trotsky joined the editorial staff of ''[[Pravda]]'' ("Truth"), a bi-weekly, Russian-language social democratic paper for Russian workers, co-editing it with Adolph Joffe and [[Matvey Skobelev]]. It was smuggled into Russia.{{sfn|Deutscher|2003a|p=191}} The paper appeared irregularly, with only five issues in its first year.{{sfn|Deutscher|2003a|p=191}} Avoiding factional politics, it proved popular with Russian industrial workers. After the 1905–1907 revolution's failure, both Bolsheviks and Mensheviks experienced multiple splits. Funding for ''Pravda'' was scarce. Trotsky sought financial backing from the RSDLP [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] throughout 1909.{{sfn|Deutscher|2003a|p=192}}

In 1910, a Bolshevik majority controlled the Central Committee. Lenin agreed to finance ''Pravda'' but required a Bolshevik co-editor.{{sfn|Deutscher|2003a|p=192}} When various factions tried to reunite at the January 1910 RSDLP Central Committee meeting in Paris (over Lenin's objections),<ref>{{cite web | title = Towards Unity | author = V. I. Lenin | url = https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1910/feb/13.htm | website = Internet Marxists Archive | year = 1974 | volume = 16 | pages = 147–155}}</ref> Trotsky's ''Pravda'' was made a party-financed 'central organ'. [[Lev Kamenev]], Trotsky's brother-in-law, joined the editorial board from the Bolsheviks. However, unification attempts failed by August 1910. Kamenev resigned amid mutual recriminations. Trotsky continued publishing ''Pravda'' for another two years until it folded in April 1912.{{sfn|Deutscher|2003a|loc=Chapter 1}}

The Bolsheviks launched a new workers' newspaper in Saint Petersburg on 22 April 1912, also named ''Pravda''. Trotsky, upset by what he saw as the usurpation of his newspaper's name, wrote a bitter letter to [[Nikolay Chkheidze]], a Menshevik leader, in April 1913, denouncing Lenin and the Bolsheviks. Though he quickly moved past the disagreement, the letter was intercepted by the [[Okhrana]] (secret police) and archived. After Lenin's death in 1924, Trotsky's opponents within the Communist Party publicized the letter to portray him as Lenin's enemy.{{sfn|Deutscher|2003a|pp=6–7}}

The 1910s were a period of heightened tension within the RSDLP. A major disagreement between Trotsky and the Mensheviks on one side, and Lenin on the other, concerned "expropriations"—armed robberies of banks and businesses by Bolshevik groups to fund the Party.<ref>Chapter XVI of [http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch16.htm ''My Life''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420211850/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch16.htm |date=20 April 2006}}</ref> These actions, banned by the 5th Congress, were continued by Bolsheviks.
[[File:Trotsky in Vienna.jpg|thumb|left|Trotsky in Vienna, c. 1907–1914]]
In January 1912, most of the Bolshevik faction, led by Lenin, held a conference in [[Prague]], broke away from the RSDLP, and formed the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)]]. In response, Trotsky organized a "unification" conference of social democratic factions in Vienna in August 1912 (the "August Bloc") to reunite Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, but this attempt was largely unsuccessful.<ref name=":3" />

In Vienna, Trotsky published articles in radical Russian and Ukrainian newspapers like ''Kievskaya Mysl,'' using pseudonyms such as "Antid Oto", a name chosen randomly from an Italian dictionary. Trotsky joked he "wanted to inject the Marxist antidote into the legitimate newspapers".{{sfn|Service|2010|p=62}}<ref>{{cite web | title = My Life, Chapter IX | author = L. Trotsky | url = https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/ch09.htm | website = Marxists Internet Archive}}</ref> In September 1912, ''Kievskaya Mysl'' sent him to the Balkans as its war correspondent, where he covered the two [[Balkan Wars]] for the next year. There, Trotsky chronicled [[ethnic cleansing]] carried out by the Serbian army [[Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars|against Albanian civilians]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perritt |first1=Henry H. Jr. |title=The Road to Independence for Kosovo: A Chronicle of the Ahtisaari Plan |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-11624-4 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2nOTuF_KC0C&q=Leon+Trotsky+Kosovo&pg=PA17 |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> He became a close friend of [[Christian Rakovsky]], later a leading Soviet politician and Trotsky's ally. On 3 August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, with [[Austria-Hungary]] fighting the Russian Empire, Trotsky was forced to flee Vienna for neutral Switzerland to avoid arrest as a Russian [[émigré]].<ref name=":4" />