Editing Lactic acid (section)

=== Neural tissue energy source ===
Although [[glucose]] is usually assumed to be the main energy source for living tissues, there is evidence that lactate, in preference to  glucose, is preferentially metabolized by [[neuron]]s in the [[brain]]s of several [[mammalian]] species that include [[mouse|mice]], [[rat]]s, and [[human]]s.<ref name=zilberter2010/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wyss MT, Jolivet R, Buck A, Magistretti PJ, Weber B | title = In vivo evidence for lactate as a neuronal energy source | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 31 | issue = 20 | pages = 7477–85 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21593331 | pmc = 6622597 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0415-11.2011 | url = http://www.zora.uzh.ch/55080/1/Wyss_Weber_J_Neuroscience%282011%29.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Ferguson 2018" />  According to the [[lactate shuttle|lactate-shuttle hypothesis]], [[glia]]l cells are responsible for transforming glucose into lactate, and for providing lactate to the neurons.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gladden LB | title = Lactate metabolism: a new paradigm for the third millennium | journal = The Journal of Physiology | volume = 558 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 5–30 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15131240 | pmc = 1664920 | doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.058701 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pellerin L, Bouzier-Sore AK, Aubert A, Serres S, Merle M, Costalat R, Magistretti PJ | title = Activity-dependent regulation of energy metabolism by astrocytes: an update | journal = Glia | volume = 55 | issue = 12 | pages = 1251–62 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17659524 | doi = 10.1002/glia.20528 | s2cid = 18780083 }}</ref> Because of this local metabolic activity of glial cells, the [[extracellular fluid]] immediately surrounding neurons strongly differs in composition from the [[blood]] or [[cerebrospinal fluid]], being much richer with lactate, as was found in [[microdialysis]] studies.<ref name=zilberter2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zilberter Y, Zilberter T, Bregestovski P | title = Neuronal activity in vitro and the in vivo reality: the role of energy homeostasis | journal = Trends in Pharmacological Sciences | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 394–401 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20633934 | doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2010.06.005 }}</ref>