Editing LGBTQ movements (section)

==== 1974–1986 ====

From the radical Gay Liberation movement of the early 1970s arose a more [[reformism|reformist]] and single-issue Gay Rights movement, which portrayed gays and lesbians as a [[minority group]] and used the language of civil rights—in many respects continuing the work of the homophile period.<ref>Epstein, S. (1999). ''Gay and lesbian movements in the United States: Dilemmas of identity, diversity, and political strategy''. in B. D. Adam, J. Duyvendak, & A. Krouwel (Eds.), "The global emergence of gay and lesbian politics" (pp. 30–90). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.</ref> In Berlin, for example, the radical {{Interlanguage link|Homosexuelle Aktion Westberlin|lt=Homosexual Action West Berlin|de||WD=}} was eclipsed by the {{Interlanguage link|Allgemeine Homosexuelle Arbeitsgemeinschaft|lt=General Homosexual Working Group|de||WD=}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hekman |first1=Gert |last2=Oosterhuis |first2=Harry |last3=Steakley |first3=James |date=1995 |title=Leftist Sexual Politics and Homosexuality: A Historical Overview |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1300/J082v29n02_01|pmid=8666751 }}</ref>

Gay and lesbian rights advocates argued that one's sexual orientation does not reflect on one's gender; that is, "you can be a man and desire a man... without any implications for your gender identity as a man," and the same is true if you are a woman.<ref>David Valentine, "'I Know What I Am': The Category 'Transgender' in the Construction of Contemporary U.S. American Conceptions of Gender and Sexuality" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 2000), p. 190.</ref>

Gays and lesbians were presented as identical to heterosexuals in all ways but private sexual practices, and butch "bar dykes" and flamboyant "street queens" were seen as negative stereotypes of lesbians and gays. Veteran activists such as [[Sylvia Rivera]] and [[Beth Elliott|Beth Elliot]] were sidelined or expelled because they were transgender.

In 1974, [[Maureen Colquhoun]] came out as the first Lesbian [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the UK. When elected she was married in a heterosexual marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totalpolitics.com/print/1783/where-are-they-now-maureen-colquhoun.thtml |title=Where are they now: Maureen Colquhoun |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214160313/http://www.totalpolitics.com/print/1783/where-are-they-now-maureen-colquhoun.thtml |archive-date=December 14, 2013 }}</ref>

In 1975, the groundbreaking film portraying homosexual gay icon [[Quentin Crisp]]'s life, [[The Naked Civil Servant (film)|''The Naked Civil Servant'']], was transmitted by [[Thames Television]] for the British Television channel [[ITV (TV channel)|ITV]]. The British journal ''[[Gay Left]]'' also began publication.<ref name="Knitting Circle">[http://knittingcircle.org.uk/gayleftcollective.html The Knitting Circle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114112010/http://knittingcircle.org.uk/gayleftcollective.html |date=January 14, 2007 }} – 'Gay Left Collective'</ref> After [[British Home Stores]] sacked an openly gay trainee Tony Whitehead, a national campaign subsequently picketed their stores in protest.

In 1977, [[Harvey Milk]] was elected to the [[San Francisco Board of Supervisors]] becoming the first openly gay man in the State of California to be elected to public office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-12-11/the-first-openly-gay-person-to-win-an-election-in-america-was-not-harvey-milk|title=The First Openly Gay Person to Win an Election in America Was Not Harvey Milk|website=bloomberg.com|access-date=|first = Steve|last = Friess|date = 11 December 2015}}</ref> Milk was assassinated by a former city supervisor [[Dan White]] in 1978.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/10/22/dan-white-commits-suicide/590322ca-f461-4a98-9c5f-348648f7ac66/?noredirect=on |title=Dan White Commits Suicide|date=October 22, 1985|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=January 28, 2019}}</ref>

In 1977, a former Miss America contestant and orange juice spokesperson, [[Anita Bryant]], began a campaign "Save Our Children",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timeline.com/anita-bryant-anti-gay-dade-county-christian-conservative-video-history-e026fd5bfad8|title=Watch: The singer who helped launch the anti-gay rights movement|last=|date=December 14, 2017|website=Timeline|access-date=|archive-date=May 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522032654/https://timeline.com/anita-bryant-anti-gay-dade-county-christian-conservative-video-history-e026fd5bfad8|url-status=dead}}</ref> in Dade County, Florida (greater Miami), which proved to be a major setback in the Gay Liberation movement. Essentially, she established an organization which put forth an amendment to the laws of the county which resulted in the firing of many public school teachers on the suspicion that they were homosexual.

In 1979, a number of people in Sweden called in sick with a case of ''being homosexual,'' in protest of homosexuality being classified as an illness.  This was followed by an activist occupation of the main office of the [[National Board of Health and Welfare (Sweden)|National Board of Health and Welfare]]. Within a few months, Sweden became the first country in the world to remove homosexuality as an illness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quistbergh.se/view/514 |language=sv |title=Jag känner mig lite homosexuell idag |trans-title=I feel a little gay today |access-date=December 12, 2009 |year=2001 |first=Frederick Quist |last=Bergh}}</ref>

Between 1980 and 1988, the international gay community rallied behind [[Eliane Morissens]], a Belgian lesbian who had been fired from her teaching post for coming out on television and bringing attention to employment discrimination.<ref name=Council>{{cite book |last1=Council of Europe Staff |author-link=Council of Europe |title=Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfL_u79Pl2QC |date=1992 |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |location=Dordrecht, The Netherlands |chapter=Case-law of the Commission: 2. Application No. 11389/85 Eliane Morissens v. Belgium |pages=40–45 |isbn=978-0-7923-1787-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Belgian High Court Backs Teacher's Firing |journal=[[The Body Politic (magazine)|The Body Politic]] |date=March 1985 |issue=112 |page=18 |url=https://archive.org/details/bodypolitic112toro/page/18/mode/1up |access-date=2 June 2022 |publisher=[[Pink Triangle Press]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |issn=0315-3606}}</ref> The case prompted protests, articles, and fundraising events throughout Europe and the Americas.<ref name=Pastre>{{cite journal |last1=Pastre |first1=Geneviève |author1-link=Geneviève Pastre |title=L'affaire Éliane Morissens, mise a la retraite d'office pour homosexualité |journal=Masques |date=Spring 1982 |issue=13 |pages=104–105 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5324513v/f106.item.r=%22Eliane%20Morissens%22 |access-date=3 June 2022 |trans-title=The Éliane Morissens Case: Automatically Retired for Homosexuality |publisher=Association Masques |location=Paris |language=French |issn=0981-9614 |via=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France#Gallica|Gallica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Lesbienne krijgt steun |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010847037:mpeg21:a0168 |access-date=3 June 2022 |work=[[Het Parool]] |issue=11348 |date=22 January 1982 |location=Amsterdam, the Netherlands |page=7 |language=Dutch |trans-title=Lesbian Gets Support}}</ref>

Articles were carried in Toronto's ''[[The Body Politic (magazine)|The Body Politic]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Belgian Teacher Ends 38-Day Hunger Strike |journal=[[The Body Politic (magazine)|The Body Politic]] |date=April 1982 |issue=82 |page=20 |url=https://archive.org/details/bodypolitic82toro/page/20/mode/1up |access-date=2 June 2022 |publisher=[[Pink Triangle Press]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |issn=0315-3606}}</ref> the ''[[Gay Community News (Boston)|Gay Community News]]'' of Boston;<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Belgian Socialist Statement Tells Stand on Morrissens |url=https://archive.org/details/gaycommunitynews0938gayc/page/n2/mode/1up |access-date=2 June 2022 |work=[[Gay Community News (Boston)|Gay Community News]] |issue=38 |volume=9 |date=17 April 1982 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |page=1}}</ref> and the ''[[San Francisco Sentinel]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lester |first1=David |title=Pickets Support Fired Belgian Teacher |url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/sfbagals/Sentinal/1982_SFS_Vol09_No07_Feb_18.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |work=[[San Francisco Sentinel|The Sentinel]] |issue=7 |volume=9 |date=18 February 1982 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213053801/https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/sfbagals/Sentinal/1982_SFS_Vol09_No07_Feb_18.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2019 |location=San Francisco, California |page=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> The French magazine ''[[Gai pied]]'' created a support network to organize demonstrations and launched a petition drive for subscribers and members of the [[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association|International Gay Association]] (IGA) to call on the [[Council of Europe]] to renounce discrimination against homosexuals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pinhas |first1=Luc |title=es ambivalences d'une entreprise de presse gaie: le périodique Gai Pied, de l'engagement au consumérisme |journal=Mémoires du livre / Studies in Book Culture |date=Fall 2011 |volume=3 |issue=1 |doi=10.7202/1007576ar |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/memoires/2011-v3-n1-memoires1830163/1007576ar.pdf |access-date=3 June 2022 |trans-title=The Ambivalences of a Gay Media Company: The Periodical ''Gai Pied'', from Commitment to Consumerism |publisher=Groupe de recherches et d'études sur le livre au Québec |location=Sherbrooke, Quebec |s2cid=194089355 |language=French |issn=1920-602X |oclc=4894564457}}</ref> The [[International Lesbian Information Service]] (ILIS) published information in their newsletter about letter-writing campaigns, and organized fund-raisers and solidarity protests to help pay for Morissens' legal and personal expenses and bring attention to the case.<ref name=Wilson>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Ann Marie |title=Dutch Women and the Lesbian International |journal=[[Women's History Review]] |date=January 2022 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=126–153 |doi=10.1080/09612025.2021.1954338 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxfordshire |s2cid=240520862 |issn=0961-2025 |oclc=9405931614|doi-access=free }}</ref> Both ILIS and IGA lobbied European teachers' unions in support of Morissens.<ref name=Wilson /><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The 1982 Congress of the International Gay Association adjourned... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/04/12/The-1982-Congress-of-the-International-Gay-Association-adjourned/7611387435600/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |work=[[United Press International]] |date=12 April 1982 |location=Boca Raton, Florida}}</ref>

Though Morissens appealed the school board decision to the local council; the highest court in Belgium, [[Council of State (Belgium)|Council of State]]; and the [[European Court of Human Rights]], her termination was upheld at every level.<ref name=Council /> The LGBT community was disappointed in the outcome because each court of appeal refused to recognize or examine whether employment discrimination had occurred, accepting the employer's version of events, and narrowly examining freedom of expression.<ref name=Pastre /><ref name=Borghs>{{cite journal |last1=Borghs |first1=Paul |title=The Gay and Lesbian Movement in Belgium from the 1950s to the Present |journal=QED |date=Fall 2016 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=29–70 |doi=10.14321/qed.3.3.0029 |publisher=[[Michigan State University Press]] |location=East Lansing, Michigan |jstor=10.14321/qed.3.3.0029 |s2cid=151750557 |issn=2327-1574 |oclc=6951977288}}</ref>

[[Lesbian feminism]], which was most influential from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, encouraged women to direct their energies toward other women rather than men, and advocated lesbianism as the logical result of feminism.<ref>[[Adrienne Rich|Rich, A]]. (1980). ''[[Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence]]''. Signs, 5, 631–660.</ref> As with Gay Liberation, this understanding of the lesbian potential in all women was at odds with the minority-rights framework of the Gay Rights movement. 

Many women of the Gay Liberation movement felt frustrated at the domination of the movement by men and formed separate organisations; some who felt gender differences between men and women could not be resolved developed "[[lesbian separatism]]," influenced by writings such as [[Jill Johnston]]'s 1973 book ''Lesbian Nation''. Organizers at the time focused on this issue. [[Diane Felix]], also known as DJ Chili D in the Bay Area club scene, is a Latino American lesbian once joined the Latino American queer organization GALA. She was known for creating entertainment spaces specifically for queer women, especially in Latino American community.

These places included gay bars in San Francisco such as A Little More and Colors.<ref>Cassell, Heather. "Music's the life for Chili D." Bay Area Reporter. BAR Media Inc.</ref> Disagreements between different political philosophies were, at times, extremely heated, and became known as the [[lesbian sex wars]],<ref>[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/lesbian_sex_wars.html Lesbian Sex Wars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321044928/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/lesbian_sex_wars.html |date=March 21, 2006 }}, article by Elise Chenier from GLBTQ encyclopedia.</ref> clashing in particular over views on [[sadomasochism]], prostitution and [[Transsexualism|transsexuality]]. The term "gay" came to be more strongly associated with homosexual males.

In Canada, the coming into effect of [[Section Fifteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|Section 15]] of the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] in 1985 saw a shift in the gay rights movement in Canada, as Canadian gays and lesbians moved from liberation to litigious strategies. Premised on Charter protections and on the notion of the immutability of homosexuality, judicial rulings rapidly advanced rights, including those that compelled the Canadian government to legalize same-sex marriage. It has been argued that while this strategy was extremely effective in advancing the safety, dignity and equality of Canadian homosexuals, its emphasis of sameness came at the expense of difference and may have undermined opportunities for more meaningful change.<ref>Lehman, M.  (2005). ''Getting Gay Rights Straight''.</ref>

[[Mark Segal]], often referred to as the dean of American gay journalism, disrupted the CBS evening news with [[Walter Cronkite]] in 1973,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.queerty.com/the-time-gay-activists-interrupted-walter-cronkite-on-the-cbs-evening-news-20120605|title=The Time Gay Activists Interrupted Walter Cronkite On The CBS Evening News|last=Avery|first=Dan|date=June 5, 2012|website=queerty.com|access-date=January 28, 2019}}</ref> an event covered in newspapers across the country and viewed by 60% of American households, many seeing or hearing about homosexuality for the first time.

Another setback in the United States occurred in 1986, when the [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] upheld a Georgia anti-sodomy law in the case ''[[Bowers v. Hardwick]]''.  (This ruling would be overturned two decades later in "[[Lawrence v. Texas]]").