Editing Korea (section)

===Goryeo dynasty===
{{Main|Goryeo}}
[[Goryeo]] was founded in 918 and replaced Silla as the ruling dynasty of Korea. Goryeo's land was at first what is now South Korea and about 1/3 of North Korea, but later on managed to recover most of the Korean peninsula. Momentarily, Goryeo advanced to parts of [[Jiandao]] while conquering the [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]], but returned the territories due to the harsh climate and difficulties in defending them. The name "Goryeo" (高麗) is a short form of "[[Goguryeo]]" (高句麗) and was first used during the time of King [[Jangsu of Goguryeo|Jangsu]]. Goryeo regarded itself as the successor of Goguryeo, hence its name and efforts to recover the former territories of Goguryeo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rossabi|first1=Morris|title=China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520045620|page=323|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC|access-date=1 August 2016|language=en|date=20 May 1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Ki-baek|title=A New History of Korea|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674615762|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA103|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en|year=1984|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234927/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Djun Kil|title=The History of Korea|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313038532|page=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ci_iGuAAqmsC&pg=PA57|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en|date=30 January 2005|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234927/https://books.google.com/books?id=ci_iGuAAqmsC&pg=PA57|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Grayson|first1=James H.|title=Korea – A Religious History|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136869259|page=79|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LU78AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en|date=5 November 2013|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234958/https://books.google.com/books?id=LU78AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Wang Geon]], the founder of Goryeo, was of Goguryeo descent and traced his ancestry to a noble Goguryeo clan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=박|first1=종기|script-title=ko:고려사의 재발견: 한반도 역사상 가장 개방적이고 역동적인 500년 고려 역사를 만나다|publisher=휴머니스트|isbn=9788958629023|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn6TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT59|access-date=27 October 2016|language=ko|date=24 August 2015|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234928/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn6TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT59|url-status=live}}</ref> He made [[Kaesong]], his hometown, the capital.

During this period, laws were codified and a civil service system was introduced. [[Buddhism]] flourished and spread throughout the peninsula. The development of [[Goryeo ware|celadon]] industries flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries. The publication of the [[Tripitaka Koreana]] onto more than 80,000 wooden blocks and the invention of the world's first metal [[movable type]] in the 13th century attest to Goryeo's cultural achievements.<ref name="print_a">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Korean Metal Movable Type |encyclopedia=World Treasures: Beginnings |publisher=Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/world-record.html#obj152 |access-date=19 December 2018 |date=29 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829232346/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/world-record.html#obj152 |archive-date=29 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="print_b">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Korean Classics |encyclopedia=Library of Congress Asian Collections: 2007 Illustrated Guide |publisher=Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/asian/guide2007/guide-korean.html |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118063653/http://www.loc.gov/rr/asian/guide2007/guide-korean.html |archive-date=18 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="print_c">{{cite web |title=Gutenberg Bible |url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item100565.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025033159/http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item100565.html |archive-date=25 October 2016 |access-date=19 August 2016 |website=British Library |publisher=The British Library Board}}</ref><ref name="print_d">{{cite web |title=Korea, 1000–1400 A.D. {{!}} Chronology {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/eak.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818174906/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/eak.html |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=19 August 2016 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref><ref name="print_e">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Movable type |encyclopedia=Oxford Reference |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100213284 |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026154750/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100213284 |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="print_f">{{cite book |last1=Ebrey |first1=Patricia Buckley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfkWAAAAQBAJ |title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History |last2=Walthall |first2=Anne |date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1285528670 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:History of Korea-1374.png|thumb|Goryeo in 1374]]
Goryeo had to defend frequently against attacks by nomadic empires, especially the [[Khitan people|Khitans]] and the [[Mongols]]. Goryeo had a hostile relationship with the Khitans, because the [[Khitan Empire]] had destroyed [[Balhae]], also a successor state of Goguryeo. In 993, the Khitans, who had established the [[Liao dynasty]] in 907, [[First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War|invaded Goryeo]], demanding that it make amity with them. Goryeo sent the diplomat [[Sŏ Hŭi]] to negotiate, who successfully persuaded the Khitans to let Goryeo expand to the banks of the [[Yalu River|Amnok (Yalu) River]], citing that in the past the land belonged to Goguryeo, the predecessor of Goryeo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Djun Kil|title=The History of Korea, 2nd Edition|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695824|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgxvBAAAQBAJ|access-date=3 October 2016|language=en|date=30 May 2014}}</ref> During the [[Goryeo–Khitan War]], the Khitan Empire invaded Korea twice more in [[Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War|1009]] and [[Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War|1018]], but was defeated.

After defeating the Khitan Empire, which was the most powerful empire of its time,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bulliet|first1=Richard|last2=Crossley|first2=Pamela|last3=Headrick|first3=Daniel|last4=Hirsch|first4=Steven|last5=Johnson|first5=Lyman|title=The Earth and Its Peoples, Brief: A Global History|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9781285445519|page=264|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9sbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264|access-date=12 September 2016|language=en|date=1 January 2014|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010152/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9sbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Warren I.|title=East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231502511|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&pg=PA107|access-date=12 September 2016|language=en|date=20 December 2000|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010157/https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&pg=PA107|url-status=live}}</ref> Goryeo experienced a golden age that lasted a century, during which the [[Tripitaka Koreana]] was completed, and there were great developments in printing and publishing, promoting learning and dispersing knowledge on philosophy, literature, religion, and science; by 1100, there were 12 universities that produced famous scholars and scientists.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Kenneth B.|title=Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275958237|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA61|access-date=28 July 2016|language=en|year=1997|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010152/https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA61|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=John|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231500043|page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/202 202]|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john|url-access=registration|quote=The Mongolian-Khitan invasions of the late tenth century challenge the stability of the Koryo government, but a period of prosperity follows the defeat of the Khitan in 1018..|access-date=1 August 2016|language=en|date=5 September 2000}}</ref>

Goryeo was [[Mongol invasions of Korea|invaded by the Mongols]] in seven major campaigns from the 1230s until the 1270s, but was never conquered.<ref name="Mongols">{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Kenneth B.|title=Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275958237|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA72|access-date=28 July 2016|language=en|year=1997|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010152/https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA72|url-status=live}}</ref> Exhausted after decades of fighting, Goryeo sent its [[Wonjong of Goryeo|crown prince]] to the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] capital to swear allegiance to the Mongols; [[Kublai Khan]] accepted, and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince,<ref name="Mongols" /> and the dynastic line of Goryeo continued to survive [[Korea under Yuan rule|under the overlordship]] of the Mongol Yuan dynasty as a semi-autonomous vassal state and compulsory ally. The two nations became intertwined for 80 years as all subsequent Korean kings married Mongol princesses,<ref name="Mongols" /> and the [[Empress Gi|last empress]] of the Yuan dynasty was a Korean princess.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koon |first1=Wee Kek |title=Opinion {{!}} The tale of a Korean empress of China, an imperial K-drama |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3108600/tale-empress-gi-korean-china-whose-imperial |work=South China Morning Post |date=6 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1350s, [[Gongmin of Goryeo|King Gongmin]] was free at last to reform the Goryeo government when the Yuan dynasty began to crumble. Gongmin had various problems that needed to be dealt with, which included the removal of pro-Mongol aristocrats and military officials, the question of land holding, and quelling the growing animosity between the Buddhists and [[Confucian]] scholars. During this tumultuous period, Goryeo momentarily conquered [[Liaoyang]] in 1356, repulsed two large [[Red Turban invasions of Goryeo|invasions by the Red Turbans]] in 1359 and 1360, and defeated the final attempt by the Yuan to dominate Goryeo when General [[Ch'oe Yŏng]] defeated a Mongol [[Tumen (unit)|tumen]] in 1364. During the 1380s, Goryeo turned its attention to the [[Wokou]] threat and used [[Naval history of Korea|naval artillery]] created by [[Ch'oe Mu-sŏn]] to annihilate hundreds of pirate ships.