Editing Kol Nidre (section)

===Language===
In the ''Siddur'' of [[Amram Gaon]] (9th century; printed 1865, Warsaw, p.&nbsp;47) and in the Roman Mahzor (ca. 1486; printed 1541 folio 232b, p.&nbsp;63) and the Romaniote Machzor (Venice 1523) the Kol Nidrei is written in Hebrew, and therefore begins ''Kol Nedarim''. Both Hebrew versions refer to vows of the year just concluded, rather than vows made in the coming year. The two Hebrew versions are slightly different from each other. Amram's version was apparently written unpointed, but a pointed version of Amram's Hebrew version is given in Birnbaum.<ref>Birnbaum, Philip, ''High Holyday Prayer Book'' (1951, NY, Hebrew Pub'g Co.) footnote on p. 491.</ref>{{clarification|What does pointed mean?!|date=October 2024}} Amram's Hebrew version is the one used in Balkan (Romaniote) and Italian liturgy.<ref>Jacobson, Bernhard S., ''Days of Awe'' (orig. 1936, Engl. trans. 1978, Tel Aviv, Sinai Publishing) p. 113; ''Encyclopaedia Judaica'' (2nd ed. 2007) s.v. Kol Nidrei, vol. 12 p. 277. Birnbaum's English translation of the customary Aramaic text of Kol Nidrei is considerably shorter than most other translations since he does not attempt to find an equivalent for each synonym for a vow and simply says "all personal oaths and pledges".</ref> Otherwise, Ashkenaz and Sefardic liturgy has adopted [[Rabbeinu Tam]]'s Aramaic text. The words "as it is written in the teachings of Moses, thy servant", which were said in the old form before the quotation of Numbers 15:26, were canceled by [[Meir of Rothenburg]].<ref>Davidson, Israel, "Kol Nidre", ''The American Jewish Year Book 5684'' (1923, NY) p. 189.</ref>

There has been some criticism from scholars fluent in Aramaic that the text of Kol Nidre has grammatical errors; however, any efforts to introduce corrections have been frustrated because the changes would not comport with the traditional, and much-beloved, melody.<ref>R' [[Mordecai Yoffe]] (early 17th cent.), ''Levush Malkhut'' (1818, Berditchev) ("The whole Kol Nidre text that the cantors now chant is faulty and ungrammatical. It starts in the singular and finishes in the plural ..."), quoted in Deshen, Shlomo, ''The Kol Nidre Enigma: An Anthropological View of the Day of Atonement Liturgy'', Ethnology, vol. 18, nr. 2 (April 1979) page 123; Munk, Elie, ''The World of Prayer'' (1963, NY, Feldheim) vol. 2, pages 235-236.</ref>