Editing Karl Marx (section)

=== ''New-York Daily Tribune'' and journalism ===
In the early period in London, Marx committed himself almost exclusively to his studies, such that his family endured extreme poverty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dussel |first1=Enrique D. |editor1-last=Moseley |editor1-first=Fred Baker |translator-last1=Angulo |translator-first1=Yolanda |title=Towards an Unknown Marx: A Commentary on the Manuscripts of 1861–63 |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London; New York |isbn=0-415-21545-5 |page=xxxiii}}</ref><ref name="egsbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography/ |title=Karl Heinrich Marx – Biography |publisher=[[The European Graduate School]] |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901101839/http://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography |archive-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His main source of income was Engels, whose own source was his wealthy industrialist father.{{r|egsbio}} In Prussia as editor of his own newspaper, and contributor to others ideologically aligned, Marx could reach his audience, the working classes. In London, without finances to run a newspaper themselves, he and Engels turned to international journalism. At one stage they were being published by six newspapers from England, the United States, [[Prussia]], Austria, and South Africa.<ref>Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 295.</ref> Marx's principal earnings came from his work as European correspondent, from 1852 to 1862, for the ''[[New-York Daily Tribune]]'',<ref name="Kluger">{{cite book |last=Kluger |first=Richard |title=The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune |url=https://archive.org/details/paperlife00klug |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |date=1986 |isbn=978-0-394-50877-1}}</ref>{{rp|17}} and from also producing articles for more "bourgeois" newspapers. Marx had his articles translated from German by {{Interlanguage link|Wilhelm Pieper (revolutionary)|de|3=Wilhelm Pieper (Revolutionär)|lt=Wilhelm Pieper}}, until his proficiency in English had become adequate.<ref name="Dispatches"/>

The ''New-York Daily Tribune'' had been founded in April 1841 by [[Horace Greeley]].{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=274}} Its editorial board contained progressive bourgeois journalists and publishers, among them [[George Ripley (transcendentalist)|George Ripley]] and the journalist [[Charles Anderson Dana|Charles Dana]], who was editor-in-chief. Dana, a [[fourierist]] and an [[abolitionist]], was Marx's contact. The ''Tribune'' was a vehicle for Marx to reach a transatlantic public, such as for his "hidden warfare" against [[Henry Charles Carey]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marx |first1=Karl |last2=Engels |first2=Friedrich |editor1-last=Ryazanskaya |editor1-first=S. W. |translator-last1=Lasker |translator-first1=I. |chapter=Marx to Engels, June 14, 1853 |title=Selected Correspondence |date=1965 |publisher=Progress Publishers |location=Moscow |pages=83–86 |edition=2nd}}</ref> The journal had wide working-class appeal from its foundation; at two cents, it was inexpensive;<ref>Taken from a picture on p. 327 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979).</ref> and, with about 50,000 copies per issue, its circulation was the widest in the United States.<ref name="Kluger"/>{{rp|14}} Its editorial ethos was progressive and its anti-slavery stance reflected Greeley's.<ref name="Kluger"/>{{rp|82}} Marx's first article for the paper, on the British parliamentary elections, was published on 21 August 1852.<ref>Karl Marx, "The Elections in England – Tories and Whigs" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 327–32.</ref>

On 21 March 1857, Dana informed Marx that due to the economic recession only one article a week would be paid for, published or not; the others would be paid for only if published. Marx had sent his articles on Tuesdays and Fridays, but, that October, the ''Tribune'' discharged all its correspondents in Europe except Marx and B. Taylor, and reduced Marx to a weekly article. Between September and November 1860, only five were published. After a six-month interval, Marx resumed contributions from September 1861 until March 1862, when Dana wrote to inform him that there was no longer space in the ''Tribune'' for reports from London, due to American domestic affairs.<ref name="MECW">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/MarxEngelsCollectedWorksVolume10MKarlMarx|title=Marx & Engels Collected Works, vol.41|date=15 March 2017}}</ref> In 1868, Dana set up a rival newspaper, the ''New York Sun'', at which he was editor-in-chief.<ref>Richard Kluger, ''The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune'' (Alfred A. Knopf Publishing, New York, 1986) p. 121.</ref> In April 1857, Dana invited Marx to contribute articles, mainly on military history, to the ''[[New American Cyclopedia]]'', an idea of George Ripley, Dana's friend and literary editor of the ''Tribune''. In all, 67 Marx-Engels articles were published, of which 51 were written by Engels, although Marx did some research for them in the [[British Museum]].<ref>{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=262}}</ref> By the late 1850s, American popular interest in European affairs waned and Marx's articles turned to topics such as the "slavery crisis" and the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]] in 1861 in the "War Between the States".<ref>Note 1 at p. 367 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 19'' (International Publishers: New York, 1984).</ref> Between December 1851 and March 1852, Marx worked on his theoretical work about the [[French Revolution of 1848]], titled ''[[The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon]]''.<ref>Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 99–197.</ref> In this he explored concepts in [[historical materialism]], [[class struggle]], [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], and victory of the proletariat over the [[bourgeois]] state.<ref name="Marx2008"/>

The 1850s and 1860s may be said to mark a philosophical boundary distinguishing the [[young Marx]]'s Hegelian [[idealism]] and the more [[mature Marx]]'s<ref name="Wood"/><ref name="Wood1993"/><ref name="Hook1994"/><ref name="Johnston2000"/> scientific ideology associated with [[structural Marxism]].<ref name="Johnston2000"/> However, not all scholars accept this distinction.<ref name="Hook1994"/><ref name="GeorgeScanlan1975"/> For Marx and Engels, their experience of the [[Revolutions of 1848]] to 1849 were formative in the development of their theory of economics and historical progression. After the "failures" of 1848, the revolutionary impetus appeared spent and not to be renewed without an economic recession. Contention arose between Marx and his fellow communists, whom he denounced as "adventurists". Marx deemed it fanciful to propose that "will power" could be sufficient to create the revolutionary conditions when in reality the economic component was the necessary requisite. The recession in the United States' economy in 1852 gave Marx and Engels grounds for optimism for revolutionary activity, yet this economy was seen as too immature for a capitalist revolution. Open territories on America's western frontier dissipated the forces of social unrest. Moreover, any economic crisis arising in the United States would not lead to revolutionary contagion of the older economies of individual European nations, which were closed systems bounded by their national borders. When the so-called [[Panic of 1857]] in the United States spread globally, it broke all economic theory models, and was the first truly global economic crisis.<ref>Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 320.</ref>