Editing Kansai dialect (section)

=== Verbs ===
Kansai dialect also has [[Japanese godan and ichidan verbs|two types of regular verb]], 五段 ''godan verbs'' (''-u'' verbs) and 一段 ''ichidan verbs'' (''-ru'' verbs), and two irregular verbs, 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} ("to come") and する {{IPA|/suru/}} ("to do"), but some conjugations are different from standard Japanese.

The geminated consonants found in godan verbs of standard Japanese verbal inflections are usually replaced with long vowels (often [[Clipping (morphology)|shortened]] in 3 morae verbs) in Kansai dialect (See also [[Late Middle Japanese#Onbin|Onbin]], [[u-onbin]]). Thus, for the verb 言う {{IPA|/iu, juː/}} ("to say"), the past tense in standard Japanese 言った {{IPA|/iQta/}} ("said") becomes 言うた {{IPA|/juːta/}} in Kansai dialect. This particular verb is emblematic of a native Kansai speaker, as most will unconsciously say 言うて {{IPA|/juːte/}} instead of 言って {{IPA|/iQte/}} or {{IPA|/juQte/}} even if well-practiced at speaking in standard Japanese. Other examples of geminate replacement are 笑った {{IPA|/waraQta/}} ("laughed") becoming 笑うた {{IPA|/waroːta/}} or わろた {{IPA|/warota/}} and 貰った {{IPA|/moraQta/}} ("received") becoming 貰うた {{IPA|/moroːta/}}, もろた {{IPA|/morota/}} or even もうた {{IPA|/moːta/}}.

An [[auxiliary verb]] -てしまう {{IPA|/-te simau/}} (to finish something or to do something in unintentional or unfortunate circumstances) is contracted to -ちまう {{IPA|/-timau/}} or -ちゃう {{IPA|/-tjau/}} in colloquial Tokyo speech but to -てまう {{IPA|/-temau/}} in Kansai speech. Thus, しちまう {{IPA|/sitimau/}}, or しちゃう {{IPA|/sitjau/}}, becomes してまう {{IPA|/sitemau/}}. Furthermore, as the verb しまう {{IPA|/simau/}} is affected by the same sound changes as in other 五段 godan verbs, the past tense of this form is rendered as -てもうた {{IPA|/-temoːta/}} or -てもた {{IPA|/-temota/}} rather than -ちまった {{IPA|/-timaQta/}} or -ちゃった {{IPA|/-tjaQta/}}: 忘れちまった {{IPA|/wasuretimaQta/}} or 忘れちゃった {{IPA|/wasuretjaQta/}} ("I forgot [it]") in Tokyo is 忘れてもうた {{IPA|/wasuretemoːta/}} or 忘れてもた {{IPA|/wasuretemota/}} in Kansai.

The long vowel of the volitional form is often shortened; for example, 使おう {{IPA|/tukaoː/}} (the volitional form of ''tsukau'') becomes 使お {{IPA|/tukao/}}, 食べよう {{IPA|/tabejoː/}} (the volitional form of 食べる {{IPA|/taberu/}}) becomes 食べよ {{IPA|/tabejo/}}. The irregular verb する {{IPA|/suru/}} has special volitional form しょ（う） {{IPA|/sjo(ː)/}} instead of しよう {{IPA|/sijoː/}}. The volitional form of another irregular verb 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} is 来よう {{IPA|/kojoː/}} as well as the standard Japanese, but when 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} is used as an auxiliary verb -てくる {{IPA|/-te kuru/}}, -てこよう {{IPA|/-te kojoː/}} is sometimes replaced with -てこ（う） {{IPA|/-te ko(ː)/}} in Kansai.

The [[causative]] verb ending {{IPA|/-aseru/}} is usually replaced with {{IPA|/-asu/}} in Kansai dialect; for example, させる {{IPA|/saseru/}} (causative form of {{IPA|/suru/}}) changes さす {{IPA|/sasu/}}, 言わせる {{IPA|/iwaseru/}} (causative form of 言う {{IPA|/juː/}}) changes 言わす {{IPA|/iwasu/}}. Its -te form {{IPA|/-asete/}} and perfective form {{IPA|/-aseta/}} change to {{IPA|/-asite/}} and {{IPA|/-asita/}}; they also appear in transitive ichidan verbs such as 見せる {{IPA|/miseru/}} ("to show"), e.g. 見して {{IPA|/misite/}} for 見せて {{IPA|/misete/}}.

The potential verb endings {{IPA|/-eru/}} for 五段 godan and -られる {{IPA|/-rareru/}} for 一段 ichidan, recently often shortened -れる {{IPA|/-reru/}} ([[ra-nuki kotoba]]), are common between the standard Japanese and Kansai dialect. For making their negative forms, it is only to replace -ない {{IPA|/-nai/}} with -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} or -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} (See [[#Negative|Negative]]). However, mainly in Osaka, potential negative form of 五段 godan verbs {{IPA|/-enai/}} is often replaced with {{IPA|/-areheN/}} such as 行かれへん {{IPA|/ikareheN/}} instead of 行けない {{IPA|/ikenai/}} and 行けへん {{IPA|/ikeheN/}} "can't go". This is because {{IPA|/-eheN/}} overlaps with Osakan negative conjugation. In western Japanese including Kansai dialect, a combination of an adverb よう {{IPA|/joː/}} and -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} negative form is used as a negative form of the personal impossibility such as よう言わん {{IPA|/joː iwaN/}} "I can't say anything (in disgust or diffidence)".

==== Existence verbs ====
In Standard Japanese, the verb ''[[Japanese possessives#Iru and Aru|iru]]'' is used for reference to the existence of an [[animacy|animate]] object, and ''iru'' is replaced with ''oru'' in [[Honorific speech in Japanese#Humble language|humble language]] and some written language. In western Japanese, ''oru'' is used not only in humble language but also in all other situations instead of ''iru''.

Kansai dialect belongs to western Japanese, but いる {{IPA|/iru/}} and its variation, いてる {{IPA|/iteru/}} (mainly Osaka), are used in Osaka, Kyoto, Shiga and so on. People in these areas, especially Kyoto women, tend to consider おる {{IPA|/oru/}} an outspoken or contempt word. They usually use it for mates, inferiors and animals; avoid using for elders (exception: respectful expression ''orareru'' and humble expression ''orimasu''). In other areas such as Hyogo and Mie, いる {{IPA|/iru/}} is hardly used and おる {{IPA|/oru/}} does not have the negative usage. In parts of Wakayama, いる {{IPA|/iru/}} is replaced with ある {{IPA|/aru/}}, which is used for inanimate objects in most other dialects.

The verb おる {{IPA|/oru/}} is also used as a [[suffix]] and usually pronounced {{IPA|/-joru/}} in that case. In Osaka, Kyoto, Shiga, northern Nara and parts of Mie, mainly in masculine speech, -よる {{IPA|/-joru/}} shows annoying or contempt feelings for a third party, usually milder than -やがる {{IPA|/-jaɡaru/}}. In Hyogo, southern Nara and parts of Wakayama, -よる {{IPA|/-joru/}} is used for progressive aspect (See [[#Aspect|Aspect]]).

==== Negative ====
In informal speech, the negative verb ending, which is -ない {{IPA|/-nai/}} in standard Japanese, is expressed with -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} or -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}}, as in 行かん {{IPA|/ikaN/}} and 行かへん {{IPA|/ikaheN/}} "not going", which is 行かない {{IPA|/ikanai/}} in standard Japanese. -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} is a transformation of the classical Japanese negative form -ぬ {{IPA|/-nu/}} and is also used for some idioms in standard Japanese. -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} is the result of contraction and phonological change of はせん {{IPA|/-wa seN/}}, the emphatic form of {{IPA|/-N/}}. -やへん {{IPA|/-jaheN/}}, a transitional form between はせん {{IPA|/-wa seN/}} and へん {{IPA|/-heN/}}, is sometimes still used for 一段 ichidan verbs. The godan verbs conjugation before ''-hen'' has two varieties: the more common conjugation is {{IPA|/-aheN/}} like 行かへん {{IPA|/ik'''a'''heN/}}, but ''-ehen'' like 行けへん {{IPA|/ik'''e'''heN/}} is also used in Osaka. When the vowel before -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} is {{IPA|/-i/}}, -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} often changes to -ひん {{IPA|/-h'''i'''N/}}, especially in Kyoto. The past negative form is -んかった {{IPA|/-NkaQta/}} and {{IPA|/-heNkaQta/}}, a mixture of -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} or -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} and the standard past negative form -なかった {{IPA|/-nakaQta/}}. In traditional Kansai dialect, -なんだ {{IPA|/-naNda/}} and -へなんだ {{IPA|/-henaNda/}} is used in the past negative form.

* 五段 godan verbs: 使う {{IPA|/tukau/}} ("to use") becomes 使わん {{IPA|/tukawaN/}} and 使わへん {{IPA|/tukawaheN/}}, 使えへん {{IPA|/tukaeheN/}}
* 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる {{IPA|/okiru/}} ("to wake up") becomes 起きん {{IPA|/okiN/}} and 起きやへん {{IPA|/okijaheN/}}, 起きへん {{IPA|/okiheN/}}, 起きひん {{IPA|/okihiN/}}
** one mora verbs: 見る {{IPA|/miru/}} ("to see") becomes 見ん {{IPA|/miN/}} and 見やへん {{IPA|/mijaheN/}}, 見えへん {{IPA|/meːheN/}}, 見いひん {{IPA|/miːhiN/}}
* 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる {{IPA|/taberu/}} ("to eat") becomes 食べん {{IPA|/tabeN/}} and 食べやへん {{IPA|/tabejaheN/}}, 食べへん {{IPA|/tabeheN/}}
** one mora verbs: 寝る {{IPA|/neru/}} ("to sleep") becomes 寝ん {{IPA|/neN/}} and 寝やへん {{IPA|/nejaheN/}}, 寝えへん {{IPA|/neːheN/}}
* s-irregular verb: する {{IPA|/suru/}} becomes せん {{IPA|/seN/}} and しやへん {{IPA|/sijaheN/}}, せえへん {{IPA|/seːheN/}}, しいひん {{IPA|/siːhiN/}}
* k-irregular verb: 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} becomes 来ん {{IPA|/koN/}} and きやへん {{IPA|/kijaheN/}}, けえへん {{IPA|/keːheN/}}, きいひん {{IPA|/kiːhiN/}}
** 来おへん {{IPA|/koːheN/}}, a mixture けえへん {{IPA|/keːheN/}} with standard 来ない {{IPA|/konai/}}, is also used lately by young people, especially in Kobe.

Generally speaking, -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} is used in almost negative sentences and -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} is used in strong negative sentences and idiomatic expressions. For example, -んといて {{IPA|/-N toite/}} or -んとって {{IPA|/-N toQte/}} instead of standard -ないで {{IPA|/-nai de/}} means "please do not to do"; -んでもええ {{IPA|/-N demo eː/}} instead of standard -なくてもいい {{IPA|/-nakutemo iː/}} means "need not do";-んと（あかん） {{IPA|/-N to (akaN)/}} instead of standard -なくちゃ（いけない） {{IPA|/-nakutja (ikenai)/}} or -なければならない {{IPA|/-nakereba (naranai)/}} means "must do". The last expression can be replaced by -な（あかん）{{IPA|/-na (akaN)/}} or -んならん {{IPA|/-N naraN/}}.

==== Imperative ====
Kansai dialect has two imperative forms. One is the normal imperative form, inherited from [[Late Middle Japanese]]. The -ろ {{IPA|/-ro/}} form for ichidan verbs in standard Japanese is much rarer and replaced by {{IPA|/-i/}} or {{IPA|/-e/}} in Kansai. The normal imperative form is often followed by よ {{IPA|/jo/}} or や {{IPA|/ja/}}. The other is a soft and somewhat feminine form which uses the {{nihongo|adverbial|連用形|ren'yōkei}} (ます {{IPA|/-masu/}} stem), an abbreviation of {{nihongo|adverbial|連用形|ren'yōkei}} + {{IPA|/nasai/}}. The end of the soft imperative form is often elongated and is generally followed by や {{IPA|/ja/}} or な {{IPA|/na/}}. In Kyoto, women often add よし {{IPA|/-josi/}} to the soft imperative form.

* godan verbs: 使う {{IPA|/tukau/}} becomes 使え {{IPA|/tukae/}} in the normal form, 使い（い） {{IPA|/tukai(ː)/}} in the soft one.
* 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる {{IPA|/okiru/}} becomes 起きい {{IPA|/okiː/}} (L-H-L) in the normal form, 起き（い） {{IPA|/oki(ː)/}} (L-L-H) in the soft one.
* 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる {{IPA|/taberu/}} becomes 食べえ {{IPA|/tabeː/}} (L-H-L) in the normal form, 食べ（え） {{IPA|/tabe(ː)/}} (L-L-H) in the soft one.
* s-irregular verb: する {{IPA|/suru/}} becomes せえ {{IPA|/seː/}} in the normal form, し（い） {{IPA|/si(ː)/}} in the soft one.
* k-irregular verb: 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} becomes こい {{IPA|/koi/}} in the normal form, き（い） {{IPA|/ki(ː)/}} in the soft one.

In the negative imperative mood, Kansai dialect also has the somewhat soft form which uses the ''ren'yōkei'' + な {{IPA|/na/}}, an abbreviation of the ''ren'yōkei'' + なさるな {{IPA|/nasaruna/}}. な {{IPA|/na/}} sometimes changes to なや {{IPA|/naja/}} or ないな {{IPA|/naina/}}. This soft negative imperative form is the same as the soft imperative and な {{IPA|/na/}}, Kansai speakers can recognize the difference by accent, but Tokyo speakers are sometimes confused by a command ''not to do'' something, which they interpret as an order to ''do'' it. Accent on the soft imperative form is flat, and the accent on the soft negative imperative form has a downstep before ''na''.

* 五段 godan verbs: 使う {{IPA|/tukau/}} becomes 使うな {{IPA|/tukauna/}} in the normal form, 使いな {{IPA|/tukaina/}} in the soft one.
* 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる {{IPA|/okiru/}} becomes 起きるな {{IPA|/okiruna/}} in the normal form, 起きな {{IPA|/okina/}} in the soft one.
* 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる {{IPA|/taberu/}} becomes 食べるな {{IPA|/taberuna/}} in the normal form, 食べな {{IPA|/tabena/}} in the soft one.
* s-irregular verb: する {{IPA|/suru/}} becomes するな {{IPA|/suruna/}} or すな {{IPA|/suna/}} in the normal form, しな {{IPA|/sina/}} in the soft one.
* k-irregular verb: 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} becomes 来るな {{IPA|/kuruna/}} in the normal form, きな {{IPA|/kina/}} in the soft one.