Editing Kanem–Bornu Empire (section)

==== Mai Dunama Dubbalemi (1221 –1259) ====
Kanem's expansion reached its zenith during the reign of Mai Dunay. In Dazaga-Tedaga, the name ''Dounama'' incorporates the suffix ''-ma'', meaning "sons of Dunay," while ''Dounay'' itself signifies "strong." The suffix ''-mi'' denotes "son of," as seen in ''Dabbalemi'', meaning "son of Dabbale". The second Mai ''Dounama'' (r. c. 1221–1259) played a pivotal role in this era, initiating diplomatic relations with [[North Africa]]n powers ([[sultan]]s), notably with the Beni [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid monarch]] which ruled in [[Tunisia|Tunis]] (modern-day [[Tunisia]]). At the height of their prominence, the Hafsids fostered strong ties with the kings of Kanem, consolidating through their friendship. Additionally, Mai Dabbalemi established connections with [[Egypt]], who arranged for the establishment of a [[madrasa]] (school) of [[Al Rashid Mall|al-Rashid]] in [[Cairo]]—a center for Islamic learning that also facilitated pilgrimage routes to Mecca.<ref>Carbou, Henri. (1912) ''La région du Tchad et du Oudaï: études ethnographiques, dialecte Toubou''. Paris: E. Leroux, p. 16.  https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdclccn.81484374v1/?sp=28&st=image&r=-0.97,-0.187,2.94,1.84,0</ref> During his reign, he declared [[jihad]] against the surrounding tribes and initiated an extended period of conquest with his cavalry of 41,000. He fought the [[Bulala]] for seven years, seven months, and seven days. After dominating the Fezzan, he established a governor at [[Traghan]] and delegated military command amongst his sons. As the Sayfawa extended control beyond Kanuri tribal lands, fiefs were granted to military commanders, as ''cima'', or 'master of the frontier'. Civil discord was said to follow his opening of the sacred Mune.<ref name=Urvoy/>{{rp|52–58}}<ref name=Palmer/>{{rp|92,179–186}}<ref name=Smith/>{{rp|173–177}}<ref name=Kevin/>{{rp|190}}