Editing Jurisdiction (section)

===National===
Many nations are subdivided into states or [[province]]s (i.e. a [[state (subnational)|subnational "state"]]). In a [[federation]]—as can be found in [[States and territories of Australia|Australia]], [[States of Brazil|Brazil]], [[States and territories of India|India]], [[States of Mexico|Mexico]], and the [[U.S. state|United States]]—such subunits will exercise ''jurisdiction'' through the court systems as defined by the executives and legislatures.

When the jurisdictions of government entities overlap one another—for example between a state and the federation to which it belongs—their jurisdiction is a ''shared'' or ''concurrent'' jurisdiction. Otherwise, one government entity will have exclusive jurisdiction over the shared area. When jurisdiction is concurrent, one government entity may have supreme jurisdiction over the other entity if their laws conflict. If the executive or legislative powers within the jurisdiction are not restricted, or have only limited restrictions, these government branches have plenary power such as a national [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|policing power]]. Otherwise, an [[enabling act]] grants only limited or enumerated powers.

Child custody cases in the U.S. are a prime example of jurisdictional dilemmas caused by different states under a federal alignment. When parents and children are in different states, there is the possibility of different state court orders over-ruling each other. The U.S. solved this problem by adopting the [[Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction And Enforcement Act|Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act]]. The act established criteria for determining which state has primary jurisdiction, which allows courts to defer the hearing of a case if an appropriate administrative agency determines so.<ref>{{cite web|title=Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act Summary|url=http://www.uniformlaws.org/ActSummary.aspx?title=Child%20Custody%20Jurisdiction%20and%20Enforcement%20Act|website=Uniform Laws Commission|publisher=The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws|access-date=28 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010111940/http://www.uniformlaws.org/ActSummary.aspx?title=Child%20Custody%20Jurisdiction%20and%20Enforcement%20Act|archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.com/newyorklawjournal/2019/02/19/court-of-appeals-to-decide-two-cases-with-major-landlord-tenant-implications/|title=Court of Appeals to Decide Two Cases With Major Landlord-Tenant Implications|website=New York Law Journal|author=Adam Leitman Bailey, Dov Treimann|date=February 19, 2019|access-date=December 16, 2019|archive-date=December 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216165337/https://www.law.com/newyorklawjournal/2019/02/19/court-of-appeals-to-decide-two-cases-with-major-landlord-tenant-implications/|url-status=live}}</ref>