Editing John B. Watson (section)

===Language, speech, and memory===

Watson argued that mental activity could not be observed. In his book, ''Behaviorism'' (1924), Watson discussed his thoughts on what language really is, which leads to a discussion of what words really are, and finally to an explanation of what memory is.<ref name=":7">Watson, John B. 1924. ''Behaviorism''. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.</ref><ref name=":8">Watson, John B. 1958 [1924]. ''Behaviorism'' (revised ed.). Chicago: [[University of Chicago Press]]. {{OCLC|3124756}}.</ref> They are all manual devices used by humans that result in ''thinking''. By using anecdotes that illustrate the behaviors and activities of mammals, Watson outlined his [[behaviorist]] views on these topics.

Watson refers to ''language'' as a "manipulative habit," because when we speak language, the sound originates in our [[larynx]], which is a body instrument that we manipulate every time we talk in order to hear our "voice."<ref name="Watson, J.B. 1925">Watson, John B. 2009 [1924]. "Talking and Thinking." Ch. 10, pp. 180–200 in ''Behaviorism''. New Brunswick, NJ: [[Transaction Publishers]].</ref> As we change our throat shape and tongue position, different sounds are made. Watson explains that when a baby first cries, or first says "da" or "ma," that it is learning language. To further his theory, Watson and his wife conducted an experiment in which they conditioned a baby to say "da-da" when he wanted his bottle. Although the baby was conditioned and was a success for a short while, the conditioning was eventually lost. Watson argues, however, that as the child got older, he would imitate Watson as a result of Watson imitating him. By three years old, the child needed no help developing his vocabulary because he was learning from others. Thus, language is [[Imitative learning|imitative]].

Watson goes on to claim that, "words are but substitutes for objects and situations."<ref name="Watson, J.B. 1925" /> In his earlier baby experiment, the baby learned to say "da" when he wanted a bottle, or "mama" when he wanted his mom, or "shoe-da" when he pointed to his father's shoe. Watson then argues that "we watch our chances and build upon these,"<ref name="Watson, J.B. 1925" /> meaning human babies have to form their language by applying sounds they have already formed. This, Watson says, is why babies point to an object but call it a different word. Lastly, Watson explains how a child learns to read words: a mom points at each word and reads in a patterned manner, and eventually, because the child recognizes the word with the sound, he or she learns to read it back.

This, according to Watson, is the start of memory. All of the ideas previously mentioned are what Watson says make up our memory, and that we carry the memory we develop throughout our lives. Watson tells the tale of Mr. Addison Sims and his friend in order to illustrate these ideas. A friend of Mr. Sims' sees Mr. Sims on a street sidewalk and exclaims: "Upon my life! Addison Sims of Seattle! I haven't seen you since the World's Fair in Chicago. Do you remember the gay parties we used to have in the old Windermere Hotel?"<ref name="Watson, J.B. 1925"/> Even after all of this, Mr. Sims cannot remember the man's name, although they were old friends who used to encounter many of the same people, places, and experiences together. Watson argued that if the two men were to do some of their old shared activities and go to some of the old same places (the stimuli), then the response (or memory) would occur.