Editing Jesuits (section)

====Canada====
{{see also|Jesuit missions in North America}}
[[File:Jesuit map NF.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The Bressani map of 1657 depicting the martyrdom of [[Jean de Brébeuf]]]]

During the French colonisation of [[New France]] in the 17th century, Jesuits played an active role in North America. [[Samuel de Champlain]] established the foundations of the French colony at Québec in 1608. The native tribes that inhabited modern day Ontario, Québec, and the areas around Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay were the Montagnais, the Algonquins, and the [[Wyandot people|Huron]].{{sfn|Devine|1925|p=1}} Champlain believed that these had souls to be saved, so in 1614 he obtained the [[Recollects]], a reform branch of the Franciscans in France, to convert the native inhabitants.{{sfn|Devine|1925|p=3}}

In 1624, the French Recollects realized the magnitude of their task{{sfn|Paquin|1932|p=29}} and sent a delegate to France to invite the Society of Jesus to help with this mission. The invitation was accepted, and Jesuits [[Jean de Brébeuf]], [[Énemond Massé]], and [[Charles Lalemant]] arrived in Quebec in 1625.{{sfn|Devine|1925|p=5}} Lalemant is considered to have been the first author of one of the [[The Jesuit Relations|''Jesuit Relations of New France'']], which chronicled their evangelization during the 17th century.

The Jesuits became involved in the [[Jesuit Missions amongst the Huron|Huron mission]] in 1626 and lived among the Huron peoples. Brébeuf learned the native language and created the first Huron language dictionary. Outside conflict forced the Jesuits to leave New France in 1629 when [[Quebec]] was [[Surrender of Quebec|surrendered]] to the [[Kingdom of England|English]]. In 1632, Quebec was returned to the French under the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)|Treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye]] and the Jesuits returned to the [[Huronia (region)|Huron territory]].{{sfn|Delaney|Nicholls|1989|p=1}} After a series of epidemics of European-introduced diseases beginning in 1634, some Huron began to mistrust the Jesuits and accused them of being sorcerers casting spells from their books.{{sfn|Carpenter|2004|p=61}}

In 1639, Jesuit [[Jerome Lalemant]] decided that the missionaries among the Hurons needed a local residence and established [[Sainte-Marie among the Hurons|Sainte-Marie]] near present-day [[Midland, Ontario]], which was meant to be a replica of European society.{{sfn|Delaney|Nicholls|1989|p=2}} It became the Jesuit headquarters and an important part of Canadian history. Throughout most of the 1640s the Jesuits had modest success, establishing five chapels in Huronia and baptising more than one thousand Huron out of a population, which may have exceeded 20,000 before the epidemics of the 1630s.{{sfn|Kennedy|1950|p=42}} However, the [[Iroquois]] of [[New York (state)|New York]], rivals of the Hurons, grew jealous of the Hurons' wealth and control of the fur trade system and attacked Huron villages in 1648. They killed missionaries and burned villages, and the Hurons scattered. Both de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant were tortured and killed in the Iroquois raids. For this, they have been canonized as martyrs in the Catholic Church.{{sfn|Delaney|Nicholls|1989|p=3}}

The Jesuit [[Paul Ragueneau]] burned down [[Sainte Marie among the Iroquois|Sainte-Marie]], instead of allowing the Iroquois the satisfaction of destroying it. By late June 1649, the French and some Christian Hurons built Sainte-Marie II on [[Christian Island]] (Isle de Saint-Joseph). Facing starvation, lack of supplies, and constant threats of Iroquois attack, the small Sainte-Marie II was abandoned in June 1650. The remaining Christian Hurons and Jesuits departed for Quebec and [[Ottawa]].{{sfn|Delaney|Nicholls|1989|p=3}} As a result of the Iroquois raids and outbreak of disease, many missionaries, traders, and soldiers died.{{sfn|Kennedy|1950|p=43}} Today, the Huron tribe, also known as the [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]], have a First Nations reserve in Quebec, Canada, and three major settlements in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml |title=First Nations Culture Areas Index |work=the Canadian Museum of Civilization |access-date=10 June 2016 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033229/http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the collapse of the [[Wyandot people|Huron nation]], the Jesuits undertook the task of converting the Iroquois, something they had attempted in 1642 with little success. In 1653, the Iroquois nation had a fallout with the Dutch. They then signed a peace treaty with the French and a mission was established. The Iroquois soon turned on the French again. In 1658, the Jesuits were having little success and were under constant threat of being tortured or killed.{{sfn|Kennedy|1950|p=43}} They continued their effort until 1687, when they abandoned their permanent posts in the Iroquois homeland.{{sfn|Kennedy|1950|p=46}}

In 1700, Jesuits turned to maintaining Quebec, [[Montreal]], and Ottawa without establishing new posts.{{sfn|Kennedy|1950|p=49}} During the [[Seven Years' War]], Quebec was [[Conquest of New France (1758–1760)|captured by the British]] in 1759 and New France came under British control. The British barred the immigration of more Jesuits to New France. In 1763, only 21 Jesuits were stationed in New France. In 1773, only 11 Jesuits remained. In 1773, the British crown declared that the Society of Jesus in New France was dissolved.{{sfn|Kennedy|1950|p=53}}

The dissolution of the order left in place substantial estates and investments, amounting to an income of approximately £5,000 a year. The [[Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec]], later succeeded by the [[Legislative Assembly of Quebec]], assumed the task of allocating the funds to suitable recipients, chiefly schools.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/provincialstatu01canagoog/page/1483/mode/1up |pages=1483–1484 |chapter=Cap. 44 |title=The provincial statutes of Canada: anno undecimo et duodecimo Victoriae Reginae |date=1847 |place=Montreal |publisher=Stewart Derbishire & George Desbarats }}</ref>

In 1842, the Jesuit mission in Quebec was re-established. A number of Jesuit colleges were founded in the decades following. One of these colleges evolved into present-day [[Université Laval|Laval University]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Jesuits |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jesuits |access-date=16 January 2023 |author1-first=Peter |author2-first=Michel |author3-first=Celine |author1-last=Meehan |author2-last=Thériault |author3-last=Cooper |date=26 April 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608221014/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jesuits |url-status=live }}</ref>