Editing James Joyce (section)

===Rome===
[[File:Roma - Campo de' Fiori.jpg|thumb|Monument to [[Giordano Bruno]] at the [[Campo de' Fiori]] by [[Ettore Ferrari]]. Joyce admired Bruno{{sfn|JJC|2014}} and attended the procession in his honour while in Rome.{{sfn|Joyce|1966a|p=[https://archive.org/details/lettersofjamesjo0000joyc/page/218 218]|ps=: Letter to Stanislaus Joyce, 1 March 1907}}]]
In late May 1906, the head of the Berlitz school ran away after embezzling its funds. Artifoni took over the school but let Joyce know that he could only afford to keep one brother on.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/222 222]|Ellmann|1982|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/222 222]}} Tired of Trieste and discouraged that he could not get a publisher for ''Dubliners'', Joyce found an advertisement for a correspondence clerk in a Roman bank that paid twice his current salary.{{sfn|Melchiori|1984a|pp= [https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf 9–10]}} He was hired for the position and went to Rome at the end of July.{{sfn|Onorati|1984|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf 24–26]}}

Joyce felt he accomplished very little during his brief stay in Rome,{{sfn|Melchiori|1984a|pp= [https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf 10–11]}} but it had a large impact on his writing.{{sfn|Spoo|1988|pp= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3831561?seq=1 481–482]}} Though his new job took up most of his time, he revised ''Dubliners'' and worked on ''Stephen Hero''.{{sfn|Bowker|2012|pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/160 160]; [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/163 163]}} Rome was the birthplace of the idea for "[[The Dead (Joyce short story)|The Dead]]", which would become the final story of ''Dubliners'',{{sfnm|Costello|1992|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/270 270]|Ellmann|1958|2pp= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4333899&seq=3 509], [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4333899&seq=5 511]}} and for ''Ulysses'',{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/162 163]|Humphreys|1979|2p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25476189?seq=12 252]}} which was originally conceived as a short story.{{efn|In October, Joyce wrote "I have a new story for ''Dubliners'' in my head. It deals with Mr. [Alfred] Hunter", the man who was picked him after he was beaten in 1904. In November, he first mentioned the title of the story as "Ulysses", and in Feb 1907, he mentioned "Ulysses" along with "The Dead" and three other stories that never appeared.{{sfn|Joyce|1966a|pp= [https://archive.org/details/lettersofjamesjo0000joyc/page/168 168], [https://archive.org/details/lettersofjamesjo0000joyc/page/190 190],[https://archive.org/details/lettersofjamesjo0000joyc/page/209 209]|ps=: Letters to Stanislaus Joyce, 4 October 1906, 13 November 1906, 6 February 1907, respectively.}}}} His stay in the city was one of his inspirations for ''Exiles''.{{sfnm|Beja|1992|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/50 50]|Costello|1992|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/270 270]}} While there, he read the socialist historian [[Guglielmo Ferrero]] in depth.{{sfn|McCourt|2000|pp= [https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/68 68–69]}} Ferrero's anti-heroic interpretations of history, arguments against militarism, and conflicted attitudes toward Jews{{sfn|Nadel|1986|p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396219?seq=2 302]}} would find their way into ''Ulysses'', particularly in the character of Leopold Bloom.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/230 230]|Humphreys|1979|2p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25476189?seq=12 252]|Manganiello|1980|3p =[https://archive.org/details/joycespolitics0000mang/page/52 52]|Melchiori|1984b|4p= [https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf 43]}} In London, [[Elkin Mathews]] published ''Chamber Music'' on the recommendation of the British poet [[Arthur Symons]].{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/160 160], [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/162 162]|Melchiori|1984a|2p= [https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf 10]}} Nonetheless, Joyce was dissatisfied with his job, had exhausted his finances, and realised he would need additional support when he learned Nora was pregnant again.{{sfn|Shloss|2005|pp= [https://archive.org/details/luciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8/page/46 46–47]}} He left Rome after only seven months.{{sfn|Melchiori|1984a|p= [https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf 11]}}