Editing James Cook (section)

==Third voyage (1776–1779)==
{{Main|Third voyage of James Cook}}

===Hawaii===
On his last voyage, Cook again commanded HMS ''Resolution'', while Captain [[Charles Clerke]] commanded {{HMS|Discovery|1774|6}}. The voyage was ostensibly planned to return the [[Pacific Islander]] [[Omai]] to Tahiti, or so the public was led to believe. The trip's principal goal was to locate a [[Northwest Passage]] around the American continent.<ref>{{harvnb|Collingridge|2003|p=327}}</ref> After dropping Omai at Tahiti, Cook travelled north and in 1778 became the first European to begin formal contact with the [[Hawaiian Islands]].<ref name="Collingridge 2003 380">{{harvnb|Collingridge|2003|p=380}}</ref> After his initial landfall in January 1778 at [[Waimea, Kauai County, Hawaii|Waimea]] harbour, [[Kauai]], Cook named the [[archipelago]] the "Sandwich Islands" after the [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich|fourth Earl of Sandwich]]—the acting [[Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty|First Lord of the Admiralty]].<ref name="Collingridge 2003 380"/>

===North America===
From the Sandwich Islands, Cook sailed north and then northeast to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in [[Alta California]]. He sighted the Oregon coast at approximately 44°30′ north latitude, naming [[Cape Foulweather]], after the bad weather which forced his ships south to about [[43rd parallel north|43° north]] before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward.<ref name="Hayes 1999 42–43">{{harvnb|Hayes|1999|pp=42–43}}</ref> He unknowingly sailed past the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]] and soon after entered [[Nootka Sound]] on [[Vancouver Island]]. He anchored near the [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] village of [[Yuquot, British Columbia|Yuquot]]. Cook's two ships remained in Nootka Sound from 29 March to 26 April 1778, in what Cook called Ship Cove, now Resolution Cove,<ref>{{cite bcgnis|18990|Resolution Cove |access-date=6 March 2013}}</ref> at the south end of [[Bligh Island (Canada)|Bligh Island]]. Relations between Cook's crew and the people of Yuquot were cordial but sometimes strained. In trading, the people of Yuquot demanded much more valuable items than the usual trinkets that had been acceptable in Hawaii. Metal objects were much desired, but the lead, pewter, and tin traded at first soon fell into disrepute. The most valuable items which the British received in trade were [[sea otter]] pelts. During the stay, the Yuquot "hosts" essentially controlled the trade with the British vessels; the natives usually visited the British vessels at Resolution Cove instead of the British visiting the village of Yuquot at Friendly Cove.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fisher|1979}}</ref>

After leaving Nootka Sound in search of the Northwest Passage, Cook explored and mapped the coast all the way to the [[Bering Strait]], on the way identifying what came to be known as [[Cook Inlet]] in Alaska.<ref name="Hayes 1999 42–43"/> In a single visit, Cook charted the majority of the North American northwest coastline on world maps for the first time, determined the extent of Alaska, and closed the gaps in Russian (from the west) and Spanish (from the south) exploratory probes of the northern limits of the Pacific.<ref name="G_Williams" />

[[File:John Cleveley the Younger, Views of the South Seas (No. 3 of 4).jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|HMS ''Resolution'' and ''Discovery'' in Tahiti]]
By the second week of August 1778, Cook was through the Bering Strait, sailing into the [[Chukchi Sea]]. He headed northeast up the coast of Alaska until he was blocked by sea ice at a latitude of 70°44′ north. Cook then sailed west to the [[Siberia]]n coast, and then southeast down the Siberian coast back to the Bering Strait. By early September 1778, he was back in the [[Bering Sea]] to begin the trip to the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands.<ref>{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1968|pp=615–623}}</ref> He became increasingly frustrated on this voyage and perhaps began to suffer from a stomach ailment; it has been speculated that this led to irrational behaviour towards his crew, such as forcing them to eat walrus meat, which they had pronounced inedible.<ref>{{harvnb|Obeyesekere|1992}}</ref>

===Return to Hawaii===
Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779. After sailing around the archipelago for some eight weeks, he made landfall at [[Kealakekua Bay]] on [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai'i Island]], the largest island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Cook's arrival coincided with the ''[[Makahiki]]'', a Hawaiian [[harvest festival]] of worship for the Polynesian god [[Lono]]. Coincidentally the form of Cook's ship, HMS ''Resolution'', or more particularly the mast formation, sails and rigging, resembled certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of worship.<ref name="collingridge" /><ref>{{harvnb|Obeyesekere|1992}}</ref> Similarly, Cook's clockwise route around the island of Hawaii before making landfall resembled the processions that took place in a clockwise direction around the island during the Lono festivals. It has been argued (most extensively by [[Marshall Sahlins]]) that such coincidences were the reasons for Cook's (and to a limited extent, his crew's) initial [[Apotheosis|deification]] by some Hawaiians who treated Cook as an incarnation of Lono.<ref name="Sahlins1985">{{harvnb|Sahlins|1985}}</ref> Though this view was first suggested by members of Cook's expedition, the idea that any Hawaiians understood Cook to be Lono, and the evidence presented in support of it, was challenged in 1992 by [[Gananath Obeyesekere]] in the so-called [[Sahlins–Obeyesekere debate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Obeyesekere|1992}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Obeyesekere|1997}}</ref>

===Death===
{{Main|Death of James Cook}}
[[File:Hawaii WikiC 9015.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Marker at the shoreline of Kealakekua Bay, near the spot where Captain Cook was slain]]

After a month's stay, Cook attempted to resume his exploration of the northern Pacific. Shortly after leaving Hawaii Island, ''Resolution''{{'}}s foremast broke, so the ships returned to Kealakekua Bay for repairs.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

Tensions rose, and quarrels broke out between the Europeans and Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay, including taking wood from a [[Marae|marae]] under Cook's orders.{{sfn|Sparks|1847|pp=135–139}} On 13 February 1779, an unknown group of Hawaiians stole one of Cook's [[Cutter (boat)|cutters]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Beazley|1y=1911|1p=72|2a1=Moore|2y=2012|2p=336}} By then the Hawaiian people had become "insolent", even with threats to fire upon them.<ref>{{harvnb|Obeyesekere|1997|p=177}}</ref> Cook responded to the theft by attempting to kidnap and ransom the [[Alii Aimoku of Hawaii|''Aliʻi nui'']] (King) of Hawaii, [[Kalaniʻōpuʻu]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Beazley|1y=1911|1p=72|2a1=Moore|2y=2012|2p=336}}

The following day, 14 February 1779, Cook and a small party marched through the village to retrieve the king.{{sfnm|1a1=Obeyesekere|1y=1997|1p=107|2a1=Collingridge|2y=2003|2pp=408–409}} Cook led Kalaniʻōpuʻu away; as they got to the boats, one of Kalaniʻōpuʻu's favourite wives, [[Kānekapōlei]], and two chiefs approached the group. They pleaded with the king not to go and a large crowd began to form at the shore.<ref>{{harvnb|Obeyesekere|1997|pp=110–111}}</ref> News reached the Hawaiians that on the other side of the bay, high-ranking Hawaiian chief Kalimu had been shot whilst trying to break through a British blockade. This exacerbated the tense situation. As the Europeans launched the boats to leave, Cook was struck on the head by the villagers and then stabbed to death as he fell on his face in the surf.<ref>{{harvnb|Collingridge|2003|pp=409–410}}</ref> He was first struck on the head with a club by a chief named [[Kalaimanokahoʻowaha]] or Kanaʻina (namesake of [[Charles Kanaʻina]]) and then stabbed by one of the king's attendants, Nuaa.<ref>{{harvnb|Samwell|1791|p=16|ps=. "The principal actors were the other chiefs, many of them the king's relations and attendants: the man who stabbed him with the dagger was called Nooah (Nuaa)... The chief who first struck Captain Cook with the club, was called Karimano-craha (Kalaimanokahoowaha)..."}}; {{harvnb|Dibble|1843|p=61}}. "Among the soldiers sent by Keawemauhili was Kalanimanokahoowaba, the chief who slew Captain Cook."; {{harvnb|Fornander|Stokes|1880|p=193}}. fn. 1. "...from him the late Charles Kanaina, father of the late King Luaalilo, received his name."</ref> The Hawaiians carried his body away towards the back of the town, still visible to the ship through their spyglass. Four marines, Corporal James Thomas, Private Theophilus Hinks, Private Thomas Fatchett and Private John Allen, were also killed and two others wounded in the confrontation.{{sfn|Samwell|1791|p=16}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Muster for HMS Resolution during the third Pacific voyage, 1776–1780 |url=http://www.captaincooksociety.com/Portals/ccs/Files/Musters/3resolution3muster1.pdf |website=Captain Cook Society |access-date=27 October 2014 |page=20 |date=15 October 2012 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200409/http://www.captaincooksociety.com/Portals/ccs/Files/Musters/3resolution3muster1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Cook Three Voyages 59.png|thumb|upright=1.75|The routes of Captain James Cook's voyages. The first voyage is shown in '''<span style="color:red;">red</span>''', second voyage in '''<span style="color:green;">green</span>''', and third voyage in '''<span style="color:blue;">blue</span>'''. The route of Cook's crew following his death is shown as a dashed blue line.]]

===Aftermath===
The esteem which the islanders nevertheless held for Cook caused them to retain his body. Following their practice of the time, they prepared his body with funerary rituals usually reserved for the chiefs and highest elders of the society. The body was [[Disembowelment|disembowelled]] and baked to facilitate [[Excarnation|removal of the flesh]], and the bones were carefully cleaned for preservation as religious icons in a fashion somewhat reminiscent of the treatment of European saints in the [[Middle Ages]]. Some of Cook's remains, thus preserved, were eventually returned to his crew for a formal [[burial at sea]].<ref>{{harvnb|Collingridge|2003|p=413}}</ref>

Clerke assumed leadership of the expedition and made a final attempt to pass through the Bering Strait.<ref>{{harvnb|Collingridge|2003|p=412}}</ref> He died of tuberculosis on 22 August 1779 and [[John Gore (Royal Navy captain)|John Gore]], a veteran of Cook's first voyage, took command of ''Resolution'' and of the expedition. [[James King (Royal Navy officer)|James King]] replaced Gore in command of ''Discovery''.<ref>{{harvnb|Collingridge|2003|p=423}}</ref> The expedition returned home, reaching England in October 1780. After their arrival in England, King completed Cook's account of the voyage.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/better-conceiv-d-than-describ-d-the-life-and-times-of-captain-james-king-1750-84-captain-cook-s-friend-and-colleague-steve-ragnall-2013 |title=Better Conceiv'd than Describ'd: the life and times of Captain James King (1750–84), Captain Cook's Friend and Colleague. Steve Ragnall. 2013 |work=The Captain Cook Society (CCS) |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010155340/http://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/better-conceiv-d-than-describ-d-the-life-and-times-of-captain-james-king-1750-84-captain-cook-s-friend-and-colleague-steve-ragnall-2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>