Editing Islamic fundamentalism (section)

===Study===
In 1988, the [[University of Chicago]], backed by the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], launched [[The Fundamentalism Project]], devoted to researching fundamentalism in the worlds major religions, [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Judaism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Confucianism]]. It defined fundamentalism as "approach, or set of strategies, by which beleaguered believers attempt to preserve their distinctive identity as a people or group ... by a selective retrieval of doctrines, beliefs, and practices from a sacred past."<ref>Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, "Introduction," in Martin and Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p. 3.</ref> A 2013 study by Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung finds that Islamic fundamentalism is [[Islamic fundamentalism in Europe|widespread among European Muslims]] with the majority saying religious rules are more important than civil laws and three quarters rejecting religious pluralism within Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wzb.eu/en/press-release/islamic-fundamentalism-is-widely-spread|title=Islamic fundamentalism is widely spread|date=9 December 2013|publisher=Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung}}</ref> A recent study shows that some European Muslims perceive Western governments as inherently hostile towards Islam as a source of identity. This perception, however, declined significantly after the emergence of ISIS, especially among young and educated European Muslims.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hekmatpour|first1=Peyman|last2=Burns|first2=Thomas J.|title=Perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam among European Muslims before and after ISIS: the important roles of residential segregation and education|journal=The British Journal of Sociology|language=en|pages=2133–2165|doi=10.1111/1468-4446.12673|pmid=31004347|issn=1468-4446|year=2019|volume=70|issue=5|s2cid=125038730 }}</ref>