Editing Irish diaspora (section)

===Bermuda===
{{Split section|date=September 2023 |Irish immigration to Bermuda}}
[[File:Sisyrinchium bermudianum B.jpg|thumb|Bermudiana (''[[Sisyrinchium bermudiana]]''), found only in Bermuda and Ireland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/blueeyedgrass-2.pdf|title=Home|website=Doeni.gov.uk|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215943/http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/blueeyedgrass-2.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildflowersofireland.net/plant_detail.php?id_flower=3|title=Wildflower Blue-eyed Grass Irish Wild Flora Wildflowers of Ireland|website=Wildflowersofireland.net|access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref>]]
Early in its history, [[Bermuda]] had reputed connections with Ireland. It has been suggested that [[Brendan the Navigator|St. Brendan]] discovered it during his legendary voyage; a local [[psychiatric hospital]] (since renamed) was named after him.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1954/01/02/1954_01_02_052_tny_cards_000242733 |title=The New Yorker. 2 January 1954. p. 2. ABSTRACT: DEPT. OF AMPLIFICATION about Saint Brendan. ''According to a talk story on Bermuda in our Dec. 5, 1953 issue, Saint Brendan may have discovered Bermuda in the 6th century.'' |magazine=The New Yorker |date=25 December 1953 |access-date=16 October 2014 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919055626/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1954/01/02/1954_01_02_052_tny_cards_000242733 |url-status=live |last1=Gill |first1=Brendan }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/301-600/brendan-the-navigator-11629716.html|title=Brendan the Navigator|website=Christianity.com|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927015412/https://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/301-600/brendan-the-navigator-11629716.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''True North: Journeys into the Great Northern Ocean'', by Myron Arms. Publisher: Upper Access, Inc.  2010. {{ISBN|0942679334}}</ref> In 1616, an incident occurred in which five white settlers arrived in Ireland, having crossed the Atlantic (a distance of around {{convert|5000|km|mi}}) in a two-ton boat.<ref name="Packwood159">{{cite book | last = Packwood | first = Cyril Outerbridge| title = Chained on the Rock | publisher = E. Torres  | year = 1975 | location = New York | isbn = 0-88303-175-2 | page = 159 }}</ref> By the following year, one of Bermuda's main islands was [[Ireland Island, Bermuda|named after Ireland]].<ref name="Craven13">{{cite book | last = Craven | first = Wesley Frank | title = An Introduction to the History of Bermuda | publisher = Bermuda Maritime Museum Press | year = 1990 | location = Bermuda | isbn = 0-921560-04-4  | page = 13 }}</ref> By the mid-17th century, Irish [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] and civilian captives were involuntarily shipped to Bermuda, condemned to [[indentured servitude]].<ref name="Irish Slavery">{{cite web|url=http://www.raceandhistory.com/cgi-bin/forum/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/1638|title=Irish Slavery|website=Raceandhistory.com|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120130512/https://www.raceandhistory.com/cgi-bin/forum/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/1638|url-status=live}}</ref> These people had become indentured as a result of the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]].<ref name="Zuill91">{{cite book | last = Zuill | first = W. S. | title = The Story of Bermuda and her People | publisher = Macmillan Caribbean | year = 1987 | location = London | isbn = 0-333-34156-2 | page = [https://archive.org/details/storyofbermudahe0000zuil/page/91 91] | url = https://archive.org/details/storyofbermudahe0000zuil/page/91 }}</ref> The Cromwellian conquest led to Irish captives, from both military and civilian backgrounds, to be sent as indentured servants to the West Indies. The Puritan Commonwealth government saw sending indentured servants from Ireland to the Caribbean as both assisting in their conquest of the island (by removing the strongest resistance against their rule) and saving the souls of the [[Catholic Church in Ireland|Roman Catholic]] Irish servants by settling them in Protestant-dominated colonies where they would supposedly inevitably [[Religious conversion|convert]] to the "[[Protestantism|true faith]]".<ref name="Irish Slavery"/>

These rapid demographic changes quickly began to alarm the dominant Anglo-Bermudian population, in particular the Irish indentured servants, most of whom were presumed to be secretly practising [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] ([[recusancy]] had been outlawed by the colonial government). Relationships between the Anglo-Bermudian community and Irish indentured servants consistently remained hostile, resulting in the Irish responding to ostracism by ultimately merging with the Scottish, African and Native American communities in Bermuda to form a new demographic: the [[Colored|coloured]]s, which in Bermuda meant anyone not entirely of [[Ethnic groups of Europe|European descent]]. In modern-day Bermuda, the term has been replaced by '[[Black people|Black]]', in which wholly sub-Saharan African ancestry is erroneously implicit. The Irish quickly proved hostile to their new conditions in Bermuda, and colonial legislation soon stipulated:

{{Blockquote|that those that hath the Irish servants should take care that they straggle not night nor daie as is too common with them. If any masters or dames be remiss hereafter in watching over them, they shall be fyned according to the discretion of the Governor and counsell'', and that ''it shall not be lawfull for any inhabitant in these Islands to buy or purchase any more of the Irish nation upon any pretence whatsoever".}}

In September, 1658, three Irishmen – John Chehen (Shehan, Sheehan, Sheene, or Sheen), David Laragen and Edmund Malony – were lashed for breaking [[curfew]] and being suspected of stealing a boat. Jeames Benninge (a Scottish indentured servant), black Franke (a servant to Mr John Devitt), and Tomakin, Clemento, and black Dick (servants of Mrs Anne Trimingham) were also punished.<ref name="Packwood160">{{cite book | last = Packwood | first = Cyril Outerbridge | title = Chained on the Rock | publisher = E. Torres  | year = 1975 | location = New York | isbn = 0-88303-175-2 | page = 160 }}</ref>

In 1661, the colonial government alleged that a plot was being hatched by an alliance of Blacks and Irish, one which involved cutting the throats of all Bermudians of English descent. The [[governor of Bermuda]], [[William Sayle]] (who had returned to Bermuda after the Bermudian colonial government acknowledged the authority of [[Parliament of England|Parliament]]) countered the alleged plot with three edicts: The first was that a nightly watch be raised throughout the colony; second, that slaves and the Irish be disarmed of militia weapons; and third, that any gathering of two or more Irish or slaves be dispersed by whipping. There were no arrests, trials or executions connected to the plot,<ref name="Packwood143">{{cite book | last = Packwood | first = Cyril Outerbridge| title = Chained on the Rock | publisher = E. Torres  | year = 1975 | location = New York | isbn = 0-88303-175-2 | page = 143 }}</ref> though an Irish woman named Margaret was found to be romantically involved with a Native American; she was voted to be stigmatised and he was whipped.<ref name="Packwood132">{{cite book | last = Outerbridge Packwood | first = Cyril | title = Chained on the Rock | publisher = E. Torres  | year = 1975 | location = New York | isbn = 0-88303-175-2 | page = 132 }}</ref>

During the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries, the colony's various demographic groups boiled down to free whites and mostly enslaved "coloured" Bermudians with a homogeneous Anglo-Bermudian culture. Little survived of the Irish culture brought by indentured servants from Ireland. Catholicism was outlawed in Bermuda by the colonial authorities, and all islanders were required by law to attend services of the established [[Church of England|Anglican church]]. Some surnames that were common in Bermuda at this period, however, give lingering evidence of the Irish presence. For example, the area to the east of [[Bailey's Bay, Bermuda|Bailey's Bay]], in Hamilton Parish, is named ''Callan Glen'' for a Scottish-born shipwright, ''Claude MacCallan'', who settled in Bermuda after the vessel in which he was a passenger was wrecked off the North Shore in 1787. MacCallan swam to a rock from which he was rescued by a Bailey's Bay fisherman named ''Daniel Seon'' (''Sheehan''). A later Daniel Seon was appointed Clerk of the [[House of Assembly of Bermuda|House of Assembly]] and Prothonotary of the Court of General Assize in 1889 (he was also the Registrar of the Supreme Court, and died in 1909).

[[File:North America & West Indies Station's Grassy Bay anchorage from HMD Bermuda 1865.jpg|thumb|The hulk of [[HMS Medway (1812)|Medway]] and the Grassy Bay anchorage seen from HMD Bermuda in 1862]]

In 1803, Irish poet [[Thomas Moore]] arrived in Bermuda, having been appointed registrar to the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] there. Robert Kennedy, born in [[Cultra]], [[County Down]], was the [[Government of Bermuda]]'s ''Colonial Secretary'', and was the acting [[Governor of Bermuda]] on three occasions (1829, 1830 and 1835–1836).<ref>Gentleman's Magazine. See ''American Vital Records from the Gentleman's Magazine, 1731–1868'', by David Dobson, p. 160.</ref> Irish prisoners were again sent to Bermuda in the 19th century, including participants in the ill-fated [[Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848]], nationalist journalist and politician [[John Mitchel]], and painter and convicted murderer [[William Burke Kirwan]].<ref>Whittingham Ferdinand. Published anonymously, with the author identified as “A FIELD OFFICER”. (1857) B''ERMUDA; A COLONY, A FORTRESS AND A PRISON; or, Eighteen Months in the Somers Islands.'' London: Longman, Brown, Green, Lognmans and Roberts. p. 215</ref> Alongside English convicts, they were used to build the [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|Royal Naval Dockyard]] on Ireland Island.<ref>[http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d7219230030099&sectionId=126 British military presence in Bermuda]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]'', 3 February 2007</ref> Conditions for the convicts were harsh, and discipline was draconian. In April, 1830, convict James Ryan was shot and killed during rioting of convicts on Ireland Island. Another five convicts were given death sentences for their parts in the riots, with those of the youngest three being commuted to transportation (to [[Australia]]) for life. In June 1849 convict James [[Cronin]], on the hulk [[HMS Medway (1812)|Medway]] at Ireland Island, was placed in solitary confinement from the 25th to the 29th for fighting. On release, and being returned to work, he refused to be cross-ironed. He ran onto the breakwater, brandishing a poker threateningly. For this, he was ordered to receive punishment (presumably flogging) on Tuesday, 3 July 1849, with the other convicts aboard the hulk assembled behind a rail to witness. When ordered to strip, he hesitated. Thomas Cronin, his older brother, addressed him and, while brandishing a knife, rushed forward to the separating rail. He called out to the other prisoners in [[Irish language|Irish]] and many joined him in attempting to free the prisoner and attack the officers. The officers opened fire. Two men were killed and twelve wounded. Punishment of James Cronin was then carried out. Three hundred men of the [[42nd Regiment of Foot]], in barracks on Ireland Island, responded to the scene under arms.<ref>''Bermuda Sampler 1815–1850'', by William Zuill. Publisher: The Bermuda Book Store. 1 January 1937</ref>
 
Although the [[Roman Catholic Church]] (which had been banned in Bermuda, as in the rest of England, since settlement) began to operate openly in Bermuda in the 19th century, its priests were not permitted to conduct baptisms, weddings or funerals. As the most important British naval and military base in the Western Hemisphere following US independence, large numbers of Irish Roman Catholic soldiers served in the British Army's [[Bermuda Garrison]] (the Royal Navy had also benefitted from a shipload of Irish emigres wrecked on Bermuda, with most being recruited into the navy there). The first Roman Catholic services in Bermuda were conducted by British Army chaplains early in the 19th century. Mount Saint Agnes Academy, a private school operated by the Roman Catholic Church of Bermuda, opened in 1890 at the behest of officers of the [[86th (Royal County Down) Regiment of Foot]] (which was posted to Bermuda from 1880 to 1883), who had requested from the [[Archbishop]] of [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], a school for the children of Irish Roman Catholic soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bermuda-online.org/britarmy.htm|title=British Army in Bermuda from 1701 to 1977|first=Keith Archibald|last=Forbes|website=bermuda-online.org|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821111911/http://www.bermuda-online.org/britarmy.htm|archive-date=21 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msa.bm/index.php/about-us/2011-05-06-15-24-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821052104/http://www.msa.bm/index.php/about-us/2011-05-06-15-24-05|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2013|title=Mount St. Agnes Academy website: History|website=Msa.bm|access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref>

Not all Irish soldiers in Bermuda had happy lives there. Private Joseph McDaniel of the [[30th Regiment of Foot]] (who was born in the [[East Indies]] to an Irish father and a [[Ethnic Malays|Malay]] mother) was convicted of the murder of Mary Swears in June, 1837, after he had been found with a self-inflicted wound and her lifeless body. Although he maintained his innocence throughout the trial, after his conviction he confessed that they had made a pact to die together. Although he had succeeded in killing her, he survived his suicide attempt. He was put to death on Wednesday, 29 November 1837. Private Patrick Shea of the [[20th Regiment of Foot]] was sentenced to death in June 1846, for discharging his weapon at Sergeant John Evans. His sentence was commuted to transportation (to [[Australia]]) for life. In October, 1841, [[County Carlow, Ireland|County Carlow]]-born Peter Doyle had also been transported to Australia for fourteen years for shooting at a picket. At his court martial he had explained that he had been drunk at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foundersandsurvivors.org/pubsearch/convict/chain/ai20019|title=''Peter Doyle''. Founders & Survivors Project website. Founders & Survivors Project, Centre for Health & Society, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|website=Foundersandsurvivors.org|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030710/http://foundersandsurvivors.org/pubsearch/convict/chain/ai20019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other Irish soldiers, taking discharge, made a home in Bermuda, remaining there for the rest of their lives. Dublin-born Sapper Cornelius Farrell was discharged in Bermuda from the [[Royal Engineers]]. His three Bermudian-born sons followed him into the army, fighting on the Western Front during the [[First World War]] in the [[Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps]].

Although there is little surviving evidence of Irish culture, some elderly islanders can remember when the term "cilig" (or ''killick'') was used to describe a common method of fishing for sea turtles by tricking them into swimming into prearranged nets (this was done by splashing a stone on a line—the cilig—into the water on the turtle's opposite side). The word ''cilig'' appears to be meaningless in English, but in some dialects of Gaelic is used as an adjective meaning "easily deceived".<ref>''Faclair Gaidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan/Dwelly's Illustrated Gaelic to English Dictionary'', compiled by Edward Dwelly. Gairm Publications, Glasgow*</ref> In Irish there is a word ''cílí'' meaning sly. It is used in the expression ''Is é an cílí ceart é'' (pronounced ''Shayeh kilic airtay'') and means ''What a sly-boots''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ó Dónaill | first = Niall | title = FOCLÓIR GAEILGE-BÉARLA (''Irish-English Dictionary'') | publisher = An Gúm | year = 1992 | location = Dublin | isbn = 1-85791-037-0}}</ref> Alternatively, the word may be derived from an Irish word for a stone and wood anchor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-kil1.htm|title=World Wide Words: Killick|website=World Wide Words|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407204441/http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-kil1.htm|archive-date=7 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Characteristics of older Bermudian accents, such as the pronunciation of the letter 'd' as 'dj', as in ''Bermudjin'' (Bermudian), may indicate an Irish origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=Crockwell+Bermuda&oq=Crockwell+Bermuda&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=0l0l1l248l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1.1l2l0&gs_l=serp.3...0l0l1l249l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1j1l2l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=7b1947f2ebce4c9d&biw=1024&bih=475|title=Google|website=Google.com|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927051618/https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=Crockwell+Bermuda&oq=Crockwell+Bermuda&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=0l0l1l248l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1.1l2l0&gs_l=serp.3...0l0l1l249l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1j1l2l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=7b1947f2ebce4c9d&biw=1024&bih=475|url-status=live}}</ref> Later Irish immigrants have continued to contribute to Bermuda's makeup, with names like Crockwell (''[[Ó Creachmhaoil]]'') and [[O'Conor|O'Connor]] (''Ó Conchobhair'') now being thought of locally as Bermudian names.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=o'connor+Bermuda&oq=o'connor+Bermuda&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=2774307l2780628l2l2780967l18l17l0l0l0l0l2078l7473l8-2.2l4l0&gs_l=hp.3...2774307l2780628l2l2780968l18l17l0l0l0l0l2078l7473l8-2j2l4l0.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=7b1947f2ebce4c9d&biw=1024&bih=475 |title=Google search results for terms ''o'connor Bermuda'', with ''About 8,700,000 results'' |access-date=11 November 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927051618/https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=o'connor+Bermuda&oq=o'connor+Bermuda&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=2774307l2780628l2l2780967l18l17l0l0l0l0l2078l7473l8-2.2l4l0&gs_l=hp.3...2774307l2780628l2l2780968l18l17l0l0l0l0l2078l7473l8-2j2l4l0.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=7b1947f2ebce4c9d&biw=1024&bih=475 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=Crockwell+Bermuda&oq=Crockwell+Bermuda&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=0l0l1l248l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1.1l2l0&gs_l=serp.3...0l0l1l249l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1j1l2l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=7b1947f2ebce4c9d&biw=1024&bih=475 |title=Google search results for terms ''Crockwell Bermuda'', with ''About 131,000 results'' |access-date=11 November 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927051618/https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=Crockwell+Bermuda&oq=Crockwell+Bermuda&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=0l0l1l248l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1.1l2l0&gs_l=serp.3...0l0l1l249l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1j1l2l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=7b1947f2ebce4c9d&biw=1024&bih=475 |url-status=live }}</ref> The strongest remaining Irish influence can be seen in the presence of bagpipes in the [[music of Bermuda]], which stemmed from the presence of Scottish and Irish soldiers from the 18th through 20th centuries. Several prominent businesses in Bermuda have a clear Irish influence, such as the Irish Linen Shop, Tom Moore's Tavern and Flanagan's Irish Pub and Restaurant.

A succession of Irish [[Masonic lodge]]s have existed in Bermuda, beginning with ''Military Lodge #192'', established by soldiers of the [[47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot|47th Regiment of Foot]], and operating in Bermuda from 1793 to 1801. This was an ambulatory or travelling lodge, as with other military lodges, moving with its members. Irish Lodges #220 (also a military travelling lodge) was active in Bermuda from 1856 to 1861, and Irish Lodge #209 was established in Bermuda in 1881. Minder Lodge #63 of the Irish Constitution was in Bermuda with the 20th Regiment of Foot from 1841 to 1847. The Hannibal Lodge #224 of the Irish Constitution was warranted in 1867, and still exists, meeting in the Masonic Hall on Old Maid's Lane, [[St. George's, Bermuda|St. George's]]. Another Hannibal Chapter, #123 of the Irish Constitution, was chartered in 1877, but lasted only until 1911.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bermudafreemasons.org/history-of-irish-freemasonry-in-bermuda/ |title=Website of Hannibal Lodge #224: ''History of Irish Freemasonry in Bermuda'' |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713222141/http://bermudafreemasons.org/history-of-irish-freemasonry-in-bermuda/ |archive-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Ireland Island Woodcut.jpg|thumb|center|upright=3.2|An 1848 woodcut of [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|HMD Bermuda]], [[Ireland Island, Bermuda|Ireland Island]], Bermuda.]]