Editing Ireland (section)

===Kingdom of Ireland===
{{Main|Kingdom of Ireland}}
[[File:Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2 DS-25 (cropped).jpg|thumb|A 16th-century perception of Irish women and girls, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by [[Lucas de Heere|Lucas d'Heere]] in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved in the [[Ghent University Library]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=85&xywh=-4233,-130,13874,8416|access-date=25 August 2020|website=lib.ugent.be|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029015419/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=85&xywh=-4233,-130,13874,8416|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The title of [[King of Ireland]] was re-created in 1542 by [[Henry VIII]], the then [[King of England]], of the [[Tudor dynasty]]. English rule was reinforced and expanded in Ireland during the latter part of the 16th century, leading to the [[Tudor conquest of Ireland]]. A near-complete conquest was achieved by the turn of the 17th century, following the [[Nine Years' War (Ireland)|Nine Years' War]] and the [[Flight of the Earls]].

This control was consolidated during the wars and conflicts of the 17th century, including the English and Scottish colonisation in the [[Plantations of Ireland]], the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] and the [[Williamite War in Ireland|Williamite War]]. Irish losses during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (which, in Ireland, included the [[Irish Confederacy]] and the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]]) are estimated to include 20,000 battlefield casualties. 200,000 civilians are estimated to have died as a result of a combination of war-related famine, displacement, guerrilla activity and pestilence throughout the war. A further 50,000{{efn|Numbers vary, from a low of 12,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foster |first=Robert Fitzroy |author-link=R. F. Foster (historian) |title=Modern Ireland |url=https://archive.org/details/modernireland16000fost |url-access=registration |date=1989 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-013250-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernireland16000fost/page/107 107] |quote='[S]lave-hunts' certainly happened, though their extent has been exaggerated; there were probably 12,000 Irish in the West Indies by the late 1600s}}</ref> [[Giovanni Battista Rinuccini]] wrote 50,000,<ref name=ocallaghan85>{{cite book |last=O'Callaghan |first=Sean |title=To Hell or Barbados |date=2000 |publisher=Brandon |isbn=978-0-86322-287-0 |page=85}}</ref> T. N. Burke said 80,000 to 100,000.<ref name=ocallaghan85/>}} were sent into [[indentured servitude]] in the [[West Indies]]. Physician-general [[William Petty]] estimated that 504,000 Catholic Irish and 112,000 Protestant settlers died, and 100,000 people were transported, as a result of the war.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Short History of Ireland: The Curse of Cromwell |publisher=BBC News |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro99.shtml |access-date=8 November 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120302224034/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro99.shtml |archive-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> If a prewar population of 1.5 million is assumed, this would mean that the population was reduced by almost half.

The religious struggles of the 17th century left a deep sectarian division in Ireland. Religious allegiance now determined the perception in law of loyalty to the Irish King and Parliament. After the passing of [[Test Act#Test Act of 1673|the Test Act 1672]], and the victory of the forces of the dual monarchy of [[William III of England|William]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary]] over the [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]], Roman Catholics and nonconforming Protestant Dissenters were barred from sitting as members in the Irish Parliament. Under the emerging [[Penal Laws (Ireland)|Penal Laws]], Irish Roman Catholics and Dissenters were increasingly deprived of various civil rights, even the ownership of hereditary property. Additional regressive punitive legislation followed in 1703, 1709 and 1728. This completed a comprehensive systemic effort to materially disadvantage Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters while enriching a new ruling class of Anglican conformists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Laws in Ireland for the Suppression of Popery |publisher=University of Minnesota Law School |url=http://library.law.umn.edu/irishlaw/offices.html |access-date=23 January 2009 |archive-date=25 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125003816/http://library.law.umn.edu/irishlaw/offices.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The new Anglo-Irish ruling class became known as the [[Protestant Ascendancy]].

[[File:Hanging.gif|thumb|upright|[[Half-hanging]] of suspected [[United Irishmen]]]]
The "[[Irish Famine (1740–1741)#Cause|Great Frost]]" struck Ireland and the rest of Europe between December 1739 and September 1741, after a decade of relatively mild winters. The winters destroyed stored crops of potatoes and other staples, and the poor summers severely damaged harvests.<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Dickson |title=Arctic Ireland: The Extraordinary Story of the Great Frost and Forgotten Famine of 1740–41 |publisher=White Row Press |location=Belfast |date=1997 |isbn=978-1-870132-85-5}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2019}} This resulted in the [[Irish Famine (1740–1741)|famine of 1740]]. An estimated 250,000 people (about one in eight of the population) died from the ensuing pestilence and disease.<ref name="cormac_famine">{{cite book |first={{lang|ga|Cormac}} |last={{lang|ga|Ó Gráda}} |title=The Great Irish Famine |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1989 |page=12 |isbn=978-0-521-55266-0}}</ref> The Irish government halted export of corn and kept the army in quarters but did little more.<ref name="cormac_famine"/><ref name="crawford_feast">{{cite book |first1=Leslie |last1=Clarkson |first2=Margaret |last2=Crawford |title=Feast and Famine: Food and Nutrition in Ireland, 1500–1920 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2001 |page=274 |isbn=978-0-19-822751-9}}</ref> Local gentry and charitable organisations provided relief but could do little to prevent the ensuing mortality.<ref name="cormac_famine"/><ref name="crawford_feast"/>

In the aftermath of the famine, an increase in industrial production and a surge in trade brought a succession of construction booms. The population soared in the latter part of this century and the [[Georgian architecture|architectural legacy of Georgian]] Ireland was built. In 1782, [[Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)|Poynings' Law]] was repealed, giving Ireland legislative independence from Great Britain for the first time since 1495. The British government, however, still retained the right to nominate the government of Ireland without the consent of the Irish parliament.