Editing Insecticide (section)

=== Neonicotinoids ===
[[Neonicotinoids]] are a class of neuro-active insecticides chemically similar to [[nicotine]].(with much lower acute mammalian toxicity and greater field persistence). These chemicals are [[acetylcholine]] receptor [[agonist]]s. They are broad-spectrum systemic insecticides, with rapid action (minutes-hours). They are applied as sprays, drenches, seed and [[soil]] treatments. Treated insects exhibit leg tremors, rapid wing motion, [[stylet (anatomy)|stylet]] withdrawal ([[aphid]]s), disoriented movement, paralysis and death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi117|title=Pesticide Toxicity Profile: Neonicotinoid Pesticides|first=Frederick M.|last=Fishel|date=9 March 2016|access-date=11 March 2012|archive-date=28 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428035003/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PI117|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[Imidacloprid]], of the neonicotinoid family, is the most widely used insecticide in the world.<ref name="Yamamoto1999">{{cite book |last=Yamamoto |first=Izuru |title=Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor |publisher=Springer-Verlag |year=1999 |isbn=978-4-431-70213-9 |editor-last=Yamamoto |editor-first=Izuru |location=Tokyo |pages=3–27 |contribution=Nicotine to Nicotinoids: 1962 to 1997 |oclc=468555571 |editor2-last=Casida |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John E. Casida |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> In the late 1990s neonicotinoids came under increasing scrutiny over their environmental impact and were linked in a range of studies to adverse ecological effects, including [[honey-bee]] [[colony collapse disorder]] (CCD) and loss of birds due to a reduction in insect populations. In 2013, the [[European Union]] and a few non EU countries restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cressey |first=D |date=2013 |title=Europe debates risk to bees |journal=Nature |volume=496 |issue=7446 |pages=408 |bibcode=2013Natur.496..408C |doi=10.1038/496408a |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=23619669 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gill |first1=RJ |last2=Ramos-Rodriguez |first2=O |last3=Raine |first3=NE |date=2012 |title=Combined pesticide exposure severely affects individual- and colony-level traits in bees |journal=Nature |volume=491 |issue=7422 |pages=105–108 |bibcode=2012Natur.491..105G |doi=10.1038/nature11585 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=3495159 |pmid=23086150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dicks L |date=2013 |title=Bees, lies and evidence-based policy |journal=Nature |volume=494 |issue=7437 |pages=283 |bibcode=2013Natur.494..283D |doi=10.1038/494283a |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=23426287 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stoddart |first=C |date=2012 |title=The buzz about pesticides |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/nature.2012.11626 |issn=1476-4687 |s2cid=208530336 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Osborne JL |date=2012 |title=Ecology: Bumblebees and pesticides |journal=Nature |volume=491 |issue=7422 |pages=43–45 |bibcode=2012Natur.491...43O |doi=10.1038/nature11637 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=23086148 |s2cid=532877}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cressey |first=D |date=2013 |title=Reports spark row over bee-bothering insecticides |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/nature.2013.12234 |issn=1476-4687 |s2cid=88428354}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2013 |title=Bees & Pesticides: Commission goes ahead with plan to better protect bees |url=http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/liveanimals/bees/neonicotinoids_en.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621042322/http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/liveanimals/bees/neonicotinoids_en.htm |archive-date=21 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbiatribune.com/news/2012/feb/19/insecticides-taking-toll-on-honeybees/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318005423/http://www.columbiatribune.com/news/2012/feb/19/insecticides-taking-toll-on-honeybees/|url-status=dead|title=Insecticides taking toll on honeybees|archivedate=March 18, 2012}}</ref> and its potential to increase the susceptibility of rice to [[planthopper]] attacks.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://scienceindex.com/stories/2068471/Possible_connection_between_imidaclopridinduced_changes_in_rice_gene_transcription_profiles_and_susceptibility_to_the_brown_plant_hopperNilaparvatalugensStl_Hemiptera_Delphacidae.html |last1=Yao |first1=Cheng |first2=Zhao-Peng |last2=Shi |first3=Li-Ben |last3=Jiang |first4=Lin-Quan |last4=Ge |first5=Jin-Cai |last5=Wu |first6=Gary C. |last6=Jahn |title=Possible connection between imidacloprid-induced changes in rice gene transcription profiles and susceptibility to the brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) |journal=Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=213–219 |date=20 January 2012 |issn=0048-3575 |doi=10.1016/j.pestbp.2012.01.003 |pmid=22544984 |pmc=3334832 |bibcode=2012PBioP.102..213C |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524213250/http://scienceindex.com/stories/2068471/Possible_connection_between_imidaclopridinduced_changes_in_rice_gene_transcription_profiles_and_susceptibility_to_the_brown_plant_hopperNilaparvatalugensStl_Hemiptera_Delphacidae.html |archive-date=24 May 2013 }}</ref>