Editing Indian Territory (section)

==Tribes==
===Tribes indigenous to Oklahoma===
{{main|History of Oklahoma|Southern Plains Villagers|Caddoan Mississippian culture|Wichita people}}
[[File:Two Wichita girls in summer dress, 1870 - NARA - 520081.tif|thumb|upright=1|Two female [[Wichita people]] in summer dress in 1870]]
[[File:Spiro Aerial HRoe 2016.jpg|thumb|upright=1|An artist's 2016 depiction of [[Spiro Mounds]], a [[Caddoan Mississippian culture|Caddoan Mississippian]] site, as seen from the west]]
[[File:William S. Soule - Caddo village.jpg|thumb|upright=1|A [[Caddo]] village near [[Anadarko, Oklahoma]] in the 1870s]]
Indian Territory marks the confluence of the [[Southern Plains]] and [[Southeastern Woodlands]] [[cultural region]]s. Its western region is part of the [[Great Plains]], subjected to extended periods of [[drought]] and high winds, and the [[Ozark Plateau]] is to the east in a [[humid subtropical climate]] zone. Tribes indigenous to the present day state of Oklahoma include both [[Agriculture|agrarian]] and [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes. The arrival of horses with the Spanish in the 16th century ushered in [[horse culture]]-era, when tribes could adopt a [[nomadic]] lifestyle and follow abundant [[American bison|bison]] herds.

The [[Southern Plains villagers]], an archaeological culture that flourished from 800 to 1500 AD, lived in semi-sedentary villages throughout the western part of Indian Territory, where they farmed [[maize]] and hunted buffalo. They are likely ancestors of the [[Wichita and Affiliated Tribes]]. The ancestors of the Wichita have lived in the eastern Great Plains from the Red River north to Nebraska for at least 2,000 years.<ref>Schlesier, Karl H. ''Plains Indians, 500–1500 AD: The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994: 347–348.</ref> The early Wichita people were hunters and gatherers who gradually adopted agriculture. By about 900 AD, farming villages began to appear on terraces above the [[Washita River]] and [[Canadian River|South Canadian River]] in Oklahoma.

Member tribes of the [[Caddo Confederacy]] lived in the eastern part of Indian Territory and are ancestors of the [[Caddo]] Nation. The Caddo people speak a [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan language]] and is a confederation of several tribes who traditionally inhabited much of what is now [[East Texas]], [[North Louisiana]], and portions of southern [[Arkansas]], and [[Oklahoma]]. The tribe was once part of the [[Caddoan Mississippian culture]] and thought to be an extension of woodland period peoples who started inhabiting the area around 200 BC. In an 1835 Treaty <ref>{{cite web|url= http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cad0432.htm|title= Treaty with the Caddo, July 1, 1835 (7 Stat., 470)|access-date= 2012-03-01|archive-date= 2012-02-17|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120217112801/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cad0432.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> made at the agency-house in the [[Caddo]] Nation and state of [[Louisiana]], the Caddo Nation sold their tribal lands to the U.S. In 1846, the Caddo, along with several other tribes, signed a treaty that made the Caddo a protectorate of the U.S. and established framework of a legal system between the Caddo and the U.S.<ref name="Comanche 1846"/> Tribal headquarters are in [[Binger, Oklahoma]].

The Wichita and Caddo both spoke [[Caddoan languages]], as did the [[Kichai people]], who were also indigenous to what is now Oklahoma and ultimately became part of the [[Wichita and Affiliated Tribes]]. The Wichita (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. in 1835.<ref name="Comanche 1835"/> The tribe's headquarters are in [[Anadarko, Oklahoma]].

In the 18th century, prior to [[Indian Removal]] by the U.S. federal government, the [[Kiowa]], [[Apache]], and [[Comanche]] people entered into Indian Territory from the west, and the [[Quapaw]] and [[Osage Nation|Osage]] entered from the east. During Indian Removal of the 19th century, additional tribes received their land either by treaty via land grant from the [[federal government of the United States]] or they purchased the land receiving [[fee simple]] [[Recording (real estate)|recorded title]].

===Tribes from the Southeastern Woodlands===
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands}}
[[File:Etowah Aerial HRoe 2016.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The [[Mississippian culture]] was a [[Mound Builders|mound-building]] Native American culture that flourished in North America before the arrival of Europeans.]]
[[File:Cherokee National Capitol.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|[[Cherokee National Capitol|Cherokee Nation Historic Courthouse]] in [[Tahlequah, Oklahoma]], built in 1849, the oldest public building standing in [[Oklahoma]]<ref>Moser, George W. [http://www.leftmoon.com/cherokee10/history.asp A Brief History of Cherokee Lodge #10] (retrieved 26 June 2009).</ref>]] 
[[File:choctaw capitol museum.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|The historic Choctaw Capitol of [[Tuskahoma, Oklahoma]], built in 1884]]
Many of the tribes forcibly relocated to Indian Territory were from [[Southeastern United States]], including the so-called [[Five Civilized Tribes]] or [[Cherokee]], [[Chickasaw]], [[Choctaw]], [[Muscogee Creeks]], and [[Seminole]], but also the [[Natchez people|Natchez]], [[Yuchi people|Yuchi]], [[Alabama people|Alabama]], [[Koasati people|Koasati]], and [[Caddo people]].

Between 1814 and 1840, the [[Five Civilized Tribes]] had gradually ceded most of their lands in the Southeast section of the US through a series of treaties. The southern part of Indian Country (what eventually became the State of Oklahoma) served as the destination for the policy of Indian removal, a policy pursued intermittently by [[President of the United States|American presidents]] early in the 19th century, but aggressively pursued by President Andrew Jackson after the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Five Civilized Tribes in the [[Southern United States|South]] were the most prominent tribes displaced by the policy, a relocation that came to be known as the [[Trail of Tears]] during the Choctaw removals starting in 1831. The trail ended in what is now Arkansas and Oklahoma, where there were already many Indians living in the territory, as well as whites and escaped slaves. Other tribes, such as the [[Lenape|Delaware]], [[Cheyenne]], and [[Apache]] were also forced to relocate to the Indian territory.

The [[Five Civilized Tribes]] established tribal capitals in the following towns:
* [[Cherokee Nation]] – [[Tahlequah, Oklahoma|Tahlequah]]
* [[Chickasaw Nation]] – [[Tishomingo, Oklahoma|Tishomingo]] (later moved to [[Ada, Oklahoma|Ada]])
* [[Choctaw Nation]] – [[Tuskahoma, Oklahoma|Tuskahoma]] (later moved to [[Durant, Oklahoma|Durant]])
* [[Muscogee (Creek) Nation|Creek Nation]] – [[Okmulgee, Oklahoma|Okmulgee]]
* [[Seminole Nation of Oklahoma|Seminole Nation]] – [[Wewoka, Oklahoma|Wewoka]]

These tribes founded towns such as [[Tulsa]], [[Ardmore, Oklahoma|Ardmore]], [[Muskogee, Oklahoma|Muskogee]], which became some of the larger towns in the state. They also brought their African [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]] to Oklahoma, which added to the [[African Americans|African American]] population in the state.
* Beginning in 1783, the [[List of Choctaw treaties|Choctaw signed a series of treaties]] with the Americans. The [[Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek]] was the first removal treaty carried into effect under the Indian Removal Act, ceding land in the future state of [[Mississippi]] in exchange for land in the future state of Oklahoma, resulting in the [[Choctaw Trail of Tears]].
* The [[Muscogee (Creek) Nation]] began the process of moving to Indian Territory with the 1814 [[Treaty of Fort Jackson]] and the [[Treaty of Washington (1826)|1826 Treaty of Washington]]. The 1832 [[Treaty of Cusseta]] ceded all Creek claims east of the [[Mississippi River]] to the United States.
* The 1835 the [[Treaty of New Echota]] established terms under which the entire [[Cherokee Nation]] was expected to cede its territory in the Southeast and move to Indian Territory. Although the treaty was not approved by the Cherokee National Council, it was ratified by the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] and resulted in the [[Cherokee Trail of Tears]].
* The [[Chickasaw#Removal era (1837)|Chickasaw]], rather than receiving [[land grants]] in exchange for ceding [[indigenous land rights]], received financial compensation. The tribe negotiated a $3 million payment for their native lands, which was not fully funded by the U.S. for 30 years. In 1836, the [[Chickasaw]] agreed to purchase land from the previously removed Choctaws for $530,000.<ref>{{cite book | first1 = Jesse | last1 = Burt | first2 = Bob | last2 = Ferguson | title = Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now | year = 1973 | publisher = Nashville and New York: Abingdon Press | chapter = The Removal | pages = [https://archive.org/details/indiansofsouthea00burt/page/170 170–173] | isbn = 978-0-687-18793-5 | chapter-url-access = registration | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/indiansofsouthea00burt/page/170 }}</ref>
* The [[Seminole]] People, originally from the present-day state of [[Florida]], signed the [[Treaty of Payne's Landing]] in 1832, in response to the 1830 [[Indian Removal Act]], that forced the tribes to move to Indian Territory in present-day [[Oklahoma]]. In October 1832, a delegation arrived in Indian Territory and conferred with the Creek Nation tribe that had already been removed to the area. In 1833, an agreement was signed at [[Fort Gibson, Oklahoma|Fort Gibson]] (on the [[Arkansas River]] just east of Muskogee, Oklahoma), accepting the area in the western part of the Creek Nation. However, the chiefs in Florida did not agree to the agreement.  In spite of the disagreement, the treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate in April 1834.

===Tribes from the Great Lakes and Northeastern Woodlands===
[[File:Lenape01.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Jennie Bobb (left) and her daughter Nellie Longhat (right), both members of the [[Delaware Nation]] in [[Oklahoma]] in 1915]]
[[File:Peoria moccasins OK 1860 OHS.jpg|thumb|Moccasins beaded by the [[Peoria people]] c. 1860, now housed in the [[Oklahoma History Center]]]]
The [[Western Lakes Confederacy]] was a loose confederacy of tribes around the [[Great Lakes region]], organized following the American Revolutionary War to resist the expansion of the United States into the [[Northwest Territory]]. Members of the confederacy were ultimately removed to the present-day Oklahoma, including the [[Shawnee]], [[Delaware people|Delaware]], also called [[Lenape]], [[Miami people|Miami]], and [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]].

The area of [[Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma]] was used to resettle the [[Iowa people|Iowa]], [[Sac and Fox]], [[Absentee Shawnee]], [[Potawatomi]], and [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]] tribes.

The [[Council of Three Fires]] is an alliance of the [[Ojibwe]], [[Odawa people|Odawa]], and [[Potawatomi]] tribes. In the [[Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien]] in 1829, the tribes of the Council of Three Fires ceded to the United States their lands in [[Illinois]], [[Michigan]], and [[Wisconsin]]. The 1833 Treaty of Chicago forced the members of the Council of Three Fires to move first to present-day [[Iowa]], then [[Kansas]] and [[Nebraska]] and ultimately to [[Oklahoma]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.kansasheritage.org/PBP/books/treaties/t_1833.html| title=1833 Treaty with the Chippewa, etc.| access-date=2012-02-29}}</ref>

The Illinois Potawatomi moved to present-day Nebraska and the Indiana Potawatomi moved to present-day [[Osawatomie, Kansas]], an event known as the [[Potawatomi Trail of Death]]. The group settling in Nebraska adapted to the Plains Indian culture but the group settling in Kansas remained steadfast to their [[woodlands culture]]. In 1867, part of the Kansas group negotiated the "Treaty of Washington with the Potawatomi" in which the Kansas [[Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation]] split and part of their land in Kansas was sold, purchasing land near present-day [[Shawnee, Oklahoma]], they became the [[Citizen Potawatomi Nation]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.kansasheritage.org/pbp/books/treaties/t_1867.html| title=Treaty of Washington with the Potawatomi 1867| access-date=2012-02-29| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324172145/http://www.kansasheritage.org/PBP/books/treaties/t_1867.html| archive-date=2012-03-24| url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Odawa tribe first purchased lands near [[Ottawa, Kansas]], residing there until 1867 when they sold their lands in Kansas and purchased land in an area administered by the [[Quapaw Indian Agency]] in [[Ottawa County, Oklahoma]], becoming the [[Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma]].

The [[Peoria tribe]], native to [[Southern Illinois]], moved south to [[Missouri]] then and [[Kansas]], where they joined the [[Piankashaw]], [[Kaskaskia]], and [[Wea]] tribes. Under stipulations of the Omnibus Treaty of 1867, these confederated tribes and the [[Miami tribe]] left Kansas for Indian Territory on lands purchased from the [[Quapaw]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roberson|first1=Glen|title=Peoria|url=http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=PE013|website=The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture|access-date=21 December 2017|date=2009}}</ref>

====Iroquois Confederacy====
{{main|Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma}}
The [[Iroquois Confederacy]] was an alliance of tribes, originally from the [[Upstate New York]] area consisting of the [[Seneca tribe|Seneca]], [[Cayuga tribe|Cayuga]], [[Onondaga people|Onondaga]], [[Oneida tribe|Oneida]], [[Mohawk nation|Mohawk]], and, later, [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]]. In the pre-[[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] era, their confederacy expanded to areas from [[Kentucky]] and [[Virginia]] north. All of the members of the Confederacy, except the Oneida and Tuscarora, allied with the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] during the Revolutionary War, and were forced to cede their land after the war. Most moved to [[Canada]] after the [[Treaty of Canandaigua]] in 1794, though some remained in [[New York (state)|New York state]] and some moved to [[Ohio]], where they joined the Shawnee.

The 1838 and 1842 [[Treaties of Buffalo Creek]] were treaties with New York Indians, such as the Seneca, Mohawk, Cayuga, and [[Oneida Indian Nation]], which covered land sales of tribal reservations under the U.S. Indian removal program, under which they planned to move most eastern tribes to Indian Territory. Initially, the tribes were moved to the present state of [[History of Kansas#1820s–1840s: Indian territory|Kansas]], and later to [[Oklahoma]] on land administered by the Quapaw Indian Agency.

===Plains Indian tribes===
{{Main| Plains Indians|Medicine Lodge Treaty|Treaty of St. Louis (1818)|Native American tribes in Nebraska}}
[[File:Catlinpaint.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|[[Tipi]]s painted by [[George Catlin]], c. 1830]]
[[Image:Pawnee01.png|thumb|upright=1|[[Plains Indians]] at time of European contact and their current homelands]]
[[Image:Siouan langs.png|thumb|upright=1|[[Western Siouan languages]] prior to European settlements]]
Western Indian Territory is part of the Southern Plains and is the ancestral home of the [[Wichita people]], a Plains tribe. Additional [[indigenous peoples of the Plains]] entered Indian Territory during the horse culture era. Prior to adoption of the horse, some Plains Indian tribes were agrarian and others were [[hunter-gatherer]]s. Some tribes used the dog as a [[draft animal]] to pull small [[travois]] (or sleighs) to help move from place to place; however, by the 18th century, many Southern Plains tribes adopted the [[horse culture]] and became [[nomadic]]. The [[tipi]], an animal hide lodge, was used by [[Plains Indians]] as a dwelling because they were portable and could be reconstructed quickly when the tribe settled in a new area for hunting or ceremonies.

The Arapaho historically had assisted the Cheyenne and [[Lakota people]] in driving the [[Kiowa]] and [[Comanche]] south from the Northern Plains, their hunting area ranged from Montana to Texas. Kiowa and Comanche controlled a vast expanse of territory from the Arkansas River to the Brazos River. By 1840 many plains tribes had made peace with each other and developed [[Plains Indian Sign Language]] as a means of communicate with their allies.

* The [[Kaw people|Kaw]] speak one of the [[Siouan languages]] and were originally from the Kansas area; the name Kansas is derived from the tribe's name. The Kaw are closely related to the Osage Nation and Ponca tribes, who first settled in Nebraska, being from the same tribe before migrating from the Ohio valley in the mid-17th century. On June 4, 1873, the Kaw removed themselves from Kansas to an area that would become [[Kay County, Oklahoma]], tribal headquarters is in [[Kaw City, Oklahoma]].
* The [[Ponca]] speak one of the Siouan languages and are closely related to the Osage Nation and Kaw tribes. The Ponca tribe were never at war with the U.S. and signed the first peace treaty in 1817.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/P/PO007.html| title=1817 Ponca Treaty with the U.S.| access-date=2012-03-01| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114055514/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/P/PO007.html| archive-date=2012-01-14| url-status=dead}}</ref>  In 1858 the Ponca signed a treaty, ceding part of their land to the United States in return for annuities, payment of $1.25 per acre from settlers, protection from hostile tribes and a permanent reservation home on the [[Niobrara River]] at the confluence with the Missouri River.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/pon0772.htm| title= 1858 Ponca Treaty with the U.S.| access-date= 2012-03-01| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150213034753/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/pon0772.htm| archive-date= 2015-02-13| url-status= dead}}</ref>  In the 1868 U.S.-Sioux [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)|Treaty of Fort Laramie]]<ref name="1868 Sioux Treaty">{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm|title=US-Sioux Treaty of 1868|access-date=2011-11-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126131814/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm|archive-date=2011-11-26}}</ref> the US mistakenly included Ponca lands in present-day Nebraska in the [[Great Sioux Reservation]] of present-day South Dakota. Conflict between the Ponca and the Sioux/Lakota, who now claimed the land as their own by U.S. law, forced the U.S. to remove the Ponca from their own ancestral lands to Indian Territory in 1877, parts of the current Kay and [[Noble County, Oklahoma|Noble]] counties in Oklahoma. The land proved to be less than desirable for agriculture and many of the tribe moved back to Nebraska. In 1881, the US returned {{convert|26236|acre|km2}} of [[Knox County, Nebraska]], to the Ponca, and about half the tribe moved back north from Indian Territory. Today, the [[Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma]] have their headquarters in [[Ponca City, Oklahoma]].
* The [[Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians]], speak one of the Siouan languages and split away from the [[Ho-Chunk]] in Wisconsin prior to European contact. The tribe is made up of [[Otoe tribe|Otoe]] and [[Missouria]] Indians, is located in part of Noble County, Oklahoma with tribal offices in [[Red Rock, Oklahoma]]. Both tribes originated in the Great Lakes region by the 16th century had settled near the Missouri and [[Grand River (Missouri)|Grand River]]s in [[Missouri]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/O/OT001.html|title = May, John D. Otoe-Missouria. ''Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture.|access-date = 2012-03-01|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100720001619/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/O/OT001.html|archive-date = 2010-07-20}}</ref>

[[Image:Algonquian langs.png|thumb|upright=1|[[Algonquian languages]] prior to European settlements]]
[[Image:Uto-Aztecan langs.png|thumb|upright=1|Northern [[Uto-Aztecan languages]] prior to European settlements]]
* The [[Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes]] of Oklahoma are a united tribe of the Southern Arapaho and the Southern Cheyenne people, headquartered in [[Concho, Oklahoma]] (a rural suburb of [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City]].)
** The [[Cheyenne]] were originally an agrarian people in present-day [[Minnesota]] and speak an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian language]]. In 1877, after the [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]] in present-day Montana, a group of Cheyenne were escorted to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). However, they were not used to the dry heat climate and food was insufficient and of poor quality. A group of Cheyenne left the territory without permission to [[Northern Cheyenne Exodus|travel back north]]. Ultimately, the military gave up attempting to relocate the Northern Cheyenne back to Oklahoma and a Northern Cheyenne reservation was established in Montana
** The [[Arapaho]] came from the present-day [[Saskatchewan]], Montana, and Wyoming area, and speak an Algonquian language.
* The [[Comanche]] lived in the upper [[Platte River]] in Wyoming breaking off from the [[Shoshone]] people in the late 17th century, and speak a [[Numic]] language of the [[Uto-Aztecan]] family. A nomadic people, the Comanche never developed the political idea of forming a single nation or tribe instead existing as multiple autonomous bands. The Comanche (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. in 1835.<ref name="Comanche 1835">{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/com0435.htm|title=Treaty with the Comanche, Etc., Aug. 24, 1835. (7 Stat., 474) Treaty of Friendship between U.S. and Comanche and Witchetaw nations, and Cherokee Muscogee, Choctaw, Osage, Seneca and Quapaw and established framework for legal system supervised by U.S. Signed on the eastern border of the Grand Prairie, near the Canadian river, in the Muscogee nation|access-date=2012-03-02|archive-date=2012-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215215155/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/com0435.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> An additional treaty was signed in 1846.<ref name="Comanche 1846"/>  In 1875, the last free band of Comanches, led by [[Quanah Parker]], surrendered and moved to the [[Fort Sill]] reservation in Oklahoma. The Comanche Nation is headquartered in [[Lawton, Oklahoma]].
* The [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] speak a [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan language]]. Originally from the area around [[Omaha, Nebraska]]. In the 16th century [[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado]] had an encounter with a Pawnee chief. In the 1830s exposure to infectious diseases, such as [[measles]], [[smallpox]] and [[cholera]] decimated the tribe. The 1857 Treaty with the Pawnee,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/paw0764.htm| title=1957 Treaty with the Pawnee| access-date=2012-03-01| archive-date=2012-02-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216071302/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/paw0764.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> their range was reduced to an area around [[Nance County, Nebraska]]. In 1874 the tribe was relocated to land in the [[Cherokee Outlet]] in Oklahoma Territory, in [[Pawnee County, Oklahoma]]. Tribal Headquarters are in [[Pawnee, Oklahoma]].
* The [[Tonkawa]] speak a [[language isolate]], that is a language with no known related languages. The Tonkawa seem to have inhabited northeastern Oklahoma in the 15th century. However, by the 18th century the Plains Apache had pushed the Tonkawa south to what is now southern Texas. After Texas was admitted as a State, the Tonkawa signed the 1846 Treaty with the Comanche and other Tribes at Council Springs, Texas.<ref name="Comanche 1846">
{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/com0554.htm|title=Treaty with the Comanche, Aionai, Anadarko, Caddo, etc., Wacoes, Keeches, Tonkaways, Wichetas, Towa-KarroesMay 15, 1846, (9 Stat., 844). The treaty established the US as a protectorate of the tribes and established legal procedures between tribes and the U.S., Signed at Council Springs, Texas|access-date=2012-03-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615184447/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/com0554.htm|archive-date=June 15, 2010}}</ref> After siding with the Confederacy, acting as scouts for the [[Texas Ranger Division|Texas Rangers]], the [[Tonkawa Massacre]], occurring near Lawton, Oklahoma, killed about half of the tribe. In 1891 the Tonkawa were offered allotments in the Cherokee Outlet near present-day [[Tonkawa, Oklahoma]].
* The [[Kiowa]] originated in the area of [[Glacier National Park (US)|Glacier National Park, Montana]] and speak a [[Kiowa-Tanoan]] language. In the 18th century the Kiowa and Plains Apache moved to the plains adjacent to the [[Arkansas River]] in Colorado and Kansas and the Red River of the Texas Panhandle and Oklahoma. In 1837 the Kiowa (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. that established a framework for legal system administered by the US. Provided for trade between Republics of Mexico and Texas.<ref name="Kiowa 1837">{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kio0489.htm|title=Treaty with the Kiowa, Etc., May 26, 1837 (7 Stat. 533). Treaty of friendship between U.S. and Kioway, Ka-ta-ka, and Ta-wa-ka-ro nations and Comanche, Witchetaw, Cherokee Muscogee, Choctaw, Osage, Seneca and Quapaw nations or tribes of Indians and provided for trade between Republics of Texas and Mexico, signed at Fort Gibson, Oklahoma.|access-date=2012-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530170807/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kio0489.htm|archive-date=May 30, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tribal headquarters are in [[Carnegie, Oklahoma]]
* The [[Plains Apache]] or "Kiowa Apache", a branch of the Apache that lived in the upper Missouri River area and speak one of the [[Southern Athabaskan languages]]. In the 18th century, the branch migrated south and adopted the lifestyle of the Kiowa. Tribal headquarters are in Anadarko, Oklahoma.
* The [[Osage Nation]] speak one of the Siouan languages and originated in present-day Kentucky. As the Iroquois moved south, the Osage moved west. By the early 18th century the Osage had become the dominant power in the Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri and Kansas, controlling much of the land between the Red River and Missouri River. From 1818 to 1825 a series of treaties reduced the Osage lands to  [[Independence, Kansas]]. With the 1870 [[Drum Creek Treaty]], the Kansas land was sold for $1.25 per acre and the Osage purchased {{convert|1470000|acre|km2}} in Indian Territory's Cherokee Outlet, the current [[Osage County, Oklahoma]]. While the Osage did not escape the federal policy of allotting communal tribal land to individual tribal members, they negotiated to retain communal [[mineral rights]] to the reservation lands. These were later found to have [[crude oil]], from which tribal members benefited from royalty revenues from oil development and production. Tribal headquarters are in [[Pawhuska, Oklahoma]].

=== Plateau tribes ===
After the [[Modoc War]] from 1872 to 1873, [[Modoc people]] were forced from their homelands in southern [[Oregon]] and northern [[California]] to settle at the [[Quapaw Agency]], Indian Territory. The federal government permitted some to return to Oregon in 1909. Those that remained in Oklahoma became the [[Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Self|first1=Burl E.|title=Modoc|url=http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=MO002|website=Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture|publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society|access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref>

The [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]], a [[indigenous peoples of the Plateau|Plateau tribe]] from Washington and Idaho, were sent to Indian Territory as prisoners of war in 1878, but after great losses in their numbers due to disease, drought and famine, they returned to their northwestern homelands in 1885.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Westmoreland|first1=Ingrid|title=Nez Perce|url=http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=NE015|publisher=Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture|access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref>