Editing In vitro (section)

== ''In vitro'' test batteries ==
A method which could help decrease animal testing is the use of ''in vitro'' batteries, where several ''in vitro'' assays are compiled to cover multiple endpoints. Within developmental [[neurotoxicity]] and reproductive toxicity there are hopes for test batteries to become easy screening methods for prioritization for which chemicals to be risk assessed and in which order.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blum |first1=Jonathan |last2=Masjosthusmann |first2=Stefan |last3=Bartmann |first3=Kristina |last4=Bendt |first4=Farina |last5=Dolde |first5=Xenia |last6=Dönmez |first6=Arif |last7=Förster |first7=Nils |last8=Holzer |first8=Anna-Katharina |last9=Hübenthal |first9=Ulrike |last10=Keßel |first10=Hagen Eike |last11=Kilic |first11=Sadiye |last12=Klose |first12=Jördis |last13=Pahl |first13=Melanie |last14=Stürzl |first14=Lynn-Christin |last15=Mangas |first15=Iris |date=2023-01-01 |title=Establishment of a human cell-based in vitro battery to assess developmental neurotoxicity hazard of chemicals |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=311 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=137035 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137035 |pmid=36328314 |bibcode=2023Chmsp.31137035B |issn=0045-6535|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=OECD |date=2023-04-14 |title=OECD work on in vitro assays for developmental neurotoxicity |url=https://www.oecd.org/env/ehs/testing/developmental-neurotoxicity.htm |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Piersma |first1=A. H. |last2=Bosgra |first2=S. |last3=van Duursen |first3=M. B. M. |last4=Hermsen |first4=S. A. B. |last5=Jonker |first5=L. R. A. |last6=Kroese |first6=E. D. |last7=van der Linden |first7=S. C. |last8=Man |first8=H. |last9=Roelofs |first9=M. J. E. |last10=Schulpen |first10=S. H. W. |last11=Schwarz |first11=M. |last12=Uibel |first12=F. |last13=van Vugt-Lussenburg |first13=B. M. A. |last14=Westerhout |first14=J. |last15=Wolterbeek |first15=A. P. M. |date=2013-07-01 |title=Evaluation of an alternative in vitro test battery for detecting reproductive toxicants |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623813000543 |journal=Reproductive Toxicology |language=en |volume=38 |pages=53–64 |doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.03.002 |pmid=23511061 |bibcode=2013RepTx..38...53P |issn=0890-6238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Melissa M. |last2=Baker |first2=Nancy C. |last3=Boyes |first3=William K. |last4=Carstens |first4=Kelly E. |last5=Culbreth |first5=Megan E. |last6=Gilbert |first6=Mary E. |last7=Harrill |first7=Joshua A. |last8=Nyffeler |first8=Johanna |last9=Padilla |first9=Stephanie |last10=Friedman |first10=Katie Paul |last11=Shafer |first11=Timothy J. |date=2022-09-01 |title=An expert-driven literature review of "negative" chemicals for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) in vitro assay evaluation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036222000551 |journal=Neurotoxicology and Teratology |language=en |volume=93 |pages=107117 |doi=10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107117 |pmid=35908584 |bibcode=2022NTxT...9307117M |osti=1981723 |s2cid=251187782 |issn=0892-0362|pmc=12006915 }}</ref> Within ecotoxicology ''in vitro'' test batteries are already in use for regulatory purpose and for toxicological evaluation of chemicals.<ref>{{Citation |last=Repetto |first=Guillermo |title=Test Batteries in Ecotoxicology |date=2013 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5704-2_100 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Aquatic Ecotoxicology |pages=1105–1128 |editor-last=Férard |editor-first=Jean-François |access-date=2023-07-04 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-5704-2_100 |isbn=978-94-007-5704-2 |editor2-last=Blaise |editor2-first=Christian}}</ref> ''In vitro'' tests can also be combined with ''in vivo'' testing to make a ''in vitro in vivo'' test battery, for example for pharmaceutical testing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=European Medicines Agency (EMA) |date=2013-02-11 |title=ICH S2 (R1) Genotoxicity testing and data interpretation for pharmaceuticals intended for human use - Scientific guideline |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/ich-guideline-s2-r1-genotoxicity-testing-data-interpretation-pharmaceuticals-intended-human-use-step_en.pdf |website=European Medicines Agency - Science Medicines Health}}</ref>