Editing Hypnosis (section)

== Applications ==
There are numerous applications for hypnosis across multiple fields of interest, including medical/psychotherapeutic uses, military uses, self-improvement, and entertainment. The [[American Medical Association]] currently has no official stance on the medical use of hypnosis.

Hypnosis has been used as a supplemental approach to [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] since as early as 1949. Hypnosis was defined in relation to [[classical conditioning]]; where the words of the therapist were the stimuli and the hypnosis would be the conditioned response. Some traditional cognitive behavioral therapy methods were based in classical conditioning. It would include inducing a [[Relaxation (psychology)|relaxed]] state and introducing a feared stimulus. One way of inducing the relaxed state was through hypnosis.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chapman|first1=Robin|title=Clinical Use of Hypnosis in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A Practitioner's Casebook|year=2005|publisher=Springer Publisher Company|page=6}}</ref>

Hypnotism has also been used in [[forensics]], [[sports hypnosis|sports]], education, [[physical therapy]], and [[drug rehabilitation|rehabilitation]].<ref name="André">André M. Weitzenbhoffer. ''The Practice of Hypnotism'' 2nd ed, Toronto, John Wiley & Son Inc., Chapter 16, pp. 583–87, 2000 {{ISBN|0-471-29790-9}}</ref> Hypnotism has also been employed by artists for creative purposes, most notably the surrealist circle of [[André Breton]] who employed hypnosis, [[automatic writing]], and sketches for creative purposes. Hypnotic methods have been used to re-experience drug states<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fogel S, Hoffer A | title = The use of hypnosis to interrupt and to reproduce an LSD-25 experience | journal = Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology & Quarterly Review of Psychiatry and Neurology | volume = 23 | pages = 11–16 | year = 1962 | pmid = 13893766}}</ref> and mystical experiences.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Van Quekelberghe R, Göbel P, Hertweck E |year=1995|title=Simulation of near-death and out-of-body experiences under hypnosis|journal= Imagination, Cognition and Personality|volume= 14|issue=2|pages=151–64|doi=10.2190/gdfw-xlel-enql-5wq6|s2cid=145579925}}</ref><ref>[http://counselinginoregon.com/mysticalexperience "Using Hypnosis to Encourage Mystical Experience"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129194407/http://counselinginoregon.com/mysticalexperience |date=29 January 2010}}. Counselinginoregon.com. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.</ref> Self-hypnosis is popularly used to [[Smoking cessation|quit smoking]], alleviate stress and anxiety, promote [[weight loss]], and induce sleep hypnosis. Stage hypnosis can persuade people to perform unusual public feats.<ref>[http://www.stagehypnosisshow.co.uk/history-stage-hypnotist-stage-hypnosis-shows/ "History of the Stage Hypnotist and Stage Hypnosis Shows."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032613/http://www.stagehypnosisshow.co.uk/history-stage-hypnotist-stage-hypnosis-shows/ |date=1 December 2017}}. stagehypnosisshow.co.uk. Retrieved on 23 January 2015.</ref>

Some people have drawn analogies between certain aspects of hypnotism and areas such as [[crowd psychology]], religious hysteria, and ritual trances in preliterate tribal cultures.<ref name="Wier">{{cite book|last=Wier|first=Dennis R| name-list-style = vanc |year=1996|title=Trance: from magic to technology|publisher=TransMedia|location=Ann Arbor, MI|isbn=978-1-888428-38-4}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref>

=== Hypnotherapy ===
{{Main|Hypnotherapy}}
{{POV section|date=January 2019}}
Hypnotherapy is a use of hypnosis in psychotherapy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/treatment/hypnotherapy|title=Hypnotherapy &#124; University of Maryland Medical Center|date=27 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627092448/https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/treatment/hypnotherapy |archive-date=27 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asch.com.au/general-public/faq#6|title=Australian Society of Clinical Hypnotherapists|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126162841/https://www.asch.com.au/general-public/faq#6|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> It is used by licensed physicians, psychologists, and others. Physicians and psychologists may use hypnosis to treat depression, anxiety, [[eating disorder]]s, [[sleep disorder]]s, [[Problem gambling|compulsive gambling]], [[phobias]] and [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress]],<ref name="PregnantMan">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_cEAAAACAAJ|title=The Pregnant Man: Tales from a Hypnotherapist's Couch|author=Deirdre Barrett|publisher=NY: Times Books/Random House|edition=1998/hardback, 1999 paper|isbn=978-0-8129-2905-8|date=1998|access-date=7 November 2015|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702163828/https://books.google.com/books?id=O_cEAAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Assen Alladin|title=Cognitive hypnotherapy: an integrated approach to the treatment of emotional disorders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0hMPgAACAAJ|access-date=30 October 2011|year=2008|publisher=J. Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-03251-0|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702163814/https://books.google.com/books?id=B0hMPgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> while certified hypnotherapists who are not physicians or psychologists often treat smoking and weight management. Hypnotherapy was historically used in psychiatric and legal settings to enhance the recall of repressed or degraded memories, but this application of the technique has declined as scientific evidence accumulated that hypnotherapy can increase confidence in [[false memories]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lynn |first1=Steven Jay |title=Myths and misconceptions about hypnosis and suggestion: Separating fact and fiction |journal=Applied Cognitive Psychology |date=11 August 2020 |volume=34 |issue=6 |page=1260 |doi=10.1002/acp.3730 |s2cid=225412389 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/acp.3730 |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927160328/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/acp.3730 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hypnotherapy is viewed as a helpful adjunct by proponents, having additive effects when treating psychological disorders, such as these, along with scientifically proven [[Cognitive therapy|cognitive therapies]].  The effectiveness of hypnotherapy has not yet been accurately assessed,<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Flammer | first1=Erich | last2=Bongartz | first2=Walter |name-list-style=vanc | title=On the efficacy of hypnosis: a meta-analytic study | journal=Contemporary Hypnosis | publisher=Wiley | volume=20 | issue=4 | year=2006 | issn=0960-5290 | doi=10.1002/ch.277 | pages=179–197 |url=http://www.hypnose-kikh.de/content/Metaanalyse-Flammer-2004.pdf |language=en |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222004606/http://www.hypnose-kikh.de/content/Metaanalyse-Flammer-2004.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and, due to the lack of evidence indicating any level of efficiency,<ref name="Barnes, J. 2019">{{cite journal | last1=Barnes | first1=Joanne | last2=McRobbie | first2=Hayden | last3=Dong | first3=Christine Y | last4=Walker | first4=Natalie | last5=Hartmann-Boyce | first5=Jamie |name-list-style=vanc | title=Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | publisher=Wiley | volume=2019 | issue=6 | date=2019-06-14 | pages=CD001008 | issn=1465-1858 | doi=10.1002/14651858.cd001008.pub3 | doi-access=free | pmid=31198991 | pmc=6568235 }}</ref> it is regarded as a type of [[alternative medicine]] by numerous reputable medical organisations, such as the [[National Health Service]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/wider-healthcare-team/roles-wider-healthcare-team/clinical-support-staff/complementary-and-alternative-medicine-cam| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180626164403/https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/wider-healthcare-team/roles-wider-healthcare-team/clinical-support-staff/complementary-and-alternative-medicine-cam| archive-date = 26 June 2018| title = Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) {{!}} Health Careers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hypnotherapy/|title = Hypnotherapy|date = 19 January 2018|access-date = 10 March 2019|archive-date = 11 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210811220950/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hypnotherapy/|url-status = live}}</ref>

Preliminary research has expressed brief hypnosis interventions as possibly being a useful tool for managing painful HIV-DSP because of its history of usefulness in [[pain management]], its long-term effectiveness of brief interventions, the ability to teach self-hypnosis to patients, the cost-effectiveness of the intervention, and the advantage of using such an intervention as opposed to the use of pharmaceutical drugs.<ref name="Lynn SJ 2015"/>

Modern hypnotherapy has been used, with varying success, in a variety of forms, such as:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Addiction]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kraft T, Kraft D |year=2005 |title=Covert sensitization revisited: Six case studies |url=http://www.londonpsychotherapy.co.uk/pdf/1.pdf |journal=Contemporary Hypnosis |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=202–09 |doi=10.1002/ch.10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119123828/http://www.londonpsychotherapy.co.uk/pdf/1.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Elkins">{{cite journal | vauthors = Elkins GR, Rajab MH | title = Clinical hypnosis for smoking cessation: preliminary results of a three-session intervention | journal = The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 73–81 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14768970 | doi = 10.1076/iceh.52.1.73.23921 | s2cid = 6065271}}</ref>
* [[Age regression in therapy|Age regression hypnotherapy]] (or "hypnoanalysis")
* Cognitive-behavioural hypnotherapy, or clinical hypnosis combined with elements of cognitive behavioural therapy<ref name="Robertson_2012">{{cite book| author=Robertson, D| title=The Practice of Cognitive-Behavioural Hypnotherapy: A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Hypnosis| year=2012| publisher=Karnac| location=London| isbn=978-1-85575-530-7| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=um6_7kEszusC| access-date=7 November 2015| archive-date=2 July 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702163310/https://books.google.com/books?id=um6_7kEszusC| url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Milton H. Erickson#Ericksonian approaches|Ericksonian hypnotherapy]]
* Fears and [[phobia]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Hypnosis with a blind 55-year-old female with dental phobia requiring periodontal treatment and extraction | vauthors = Gow MA |year=2006 |journal=Contemporary Hypnosis |volume=23 |pages=92–100 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/ch.313}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lcch.co.uk/hypnosisarticles/case_phobia.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050629025402/http://www.lcch.co.uk/hypnosisarticles/case_phobia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2005 | vauthors = Nicholson J |title=Hypnotherapy – Case History – Phobia |journal=London College of Clinical Hypnosis}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.stichtingemetofobie.nl/pdf/a_vomiting_phobia_overcome_by_one_session_of_flooding_with_hypnosis.pdf |vauthors=Wijesnghe B |year=1974 |title=A vomiting phobia overcome by one session of flooding with hypnosis |journal=Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry |volume=5 |pages=169–70 |doi=10.1016/0005-7916(74)90107-4 |issue=2 |access-date=5 May 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308134532/http://www.stichtingemetofobie.nl/pdf/a_vomiting_phobia_overcome_by_one_session_of_flooding_with_hypnosis.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Deyoub PL, Epstein SJ | title = Short-term hypnotherapy for the treatment of flight phobia: a case report | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 251–54 | date = April 1977 | pmid = 879063 | doi = 10.1080/00029157.1977.10403885}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hypnosis+in+the+treatment+of+social+phobia.-a0229529946 |title=Hypnosis in the treatment of social phobia |last=Rogers |first=Janet |name-list-style=vanc |date=May 2008 |journal=Australian Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis |volume=36 |pages=64–68 |issue=1 |access-date=5 May 2013 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430213739/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hypnosis+in+the+treatment+of+social+phobia.-a0229529946 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Habit control<ref name="Mayo">{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypnosis/SA00084 |title=Hypnosis. Another way to manage pain, kick bad habits |publisher=mayoclinic.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204153926/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypnosis/sa00084 |archive-date=4 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="Anbar">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anbar RD | title = Childhood habit cough treated with consultation by telephone: a case report | journal = Cough | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 2 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19159469 | pmc = 2632985 | doi = 10.1186/1745-9974-5-2 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.358.6608 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="McNeilly">{{cite journal | vauthors = McNeilly R | title = Solution oriented hypnosis. An effective approach in medical practice | journal = Australian Family Physician | volume = 23 | issue = 9 | pages = 1744–46 | date = September 1994 | pmid = 7980173}}</ref>
* Pain management<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/balance/features/hypnosis-for-pain "Hypnosis for Pain."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731212842/https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/hypnosis-meditation-and-relaxation-for-pain-treatment |date=31 July 2021 }}. Webmd.com. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.</ref><ref name="Dahlgren">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dahlgren LA, Kurtz RM, Strube MJ, Malone MD | title = Differential effects of hypnotic suggestion on multiple dimensions of pain | journal = Journal of Pain and Symptom Management | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 464–70 | date = August 1995 | pmid = 7561229 | doi = 10.1016/0885-3924(95)00055-4 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Patterson1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Patterson DR, Ptacek JT | title = Baseline pain as a moderator of hypnotic analgesia for burn injury treatment | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 65 | issue = 1 | pages = 60–67 | date = February 1997 | pmid = 9103735 | doi = 10.1037/0022-006X.65.1.60}}</ref><ref name="Barrett2004">{{cite web |url=https://www.apa.org/research/action/hypnosis |title=Hypnosis for the Relief and Control of Pain |author=American Psychological Association |date=2 July 2004 |publisher=American Psychological Association |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725212840/https://www.apa.org/research/action/hypnosis |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Psychotherapy<ref>Barrett, Deirdre. [http://psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-20010101-000034.html "The Power of Hypnosis."]. ''Psychology Today''. Jan/Feb 2001 {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20071107103604/http://psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-20010101-000034.html |date=7 November 2007}}</ref>
* Relaxation<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vickers A, Zollman C | title = ABC of complementary medicine. Hypnosis and relaxation therapies | journal = BMJ | volume = 319 | issue = 7221 | pages = 1346–49 | date = November 1999 | pmid = 10567143 | pmc = 1117083 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.319.7221.1346}}</ref>
* Reduce patient behavior (e.g., scratching) that hinders the treatment of skin disease<ref>Shenefelt, Philip D. [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/466140 "Applying Hypnosis in Dermatology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430185238/https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/466140 |date=30 April 2021 }}. medscape.com. 6 January 2004</ref>
* Soothing anxious surgical patients
* Sports performance<ref>[http://www.awss.com/sport02.htm Hypnosis and Sport Performance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224122733/http://www.awss.com/sport02.htm |date=24 February 2021 }}. AWSS.com</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.zoneofexcellence.ca/Journal/Issue06/Hypnosis.pdf |title=The effects of hypnosis on flow-states and performance |vauthors=Pates J, Palmi J |year=2002 |journal=Journal of Excellence |volume=6 |pages=48–461 |access-date=5 May 2013 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307205223/http://www.zoneofexcellence.ca/Journal/Issue06/Hypnosis.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Weight loss<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kirsch I | title = Hypnotic enhancement of cognitive-behavioral weight loss treatments&nbsp;– another meta-reanalysis | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 64 | issue = 3 | pages = 517–19 | date = June 1996 | pmid = 8698945 | doi = 10.1037/0022-006X.64.3.517 | s2cid = 18091380 }}</ref><ref name="Bolocofsky">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bolocofsky DN, Spinler D, Coulthard-Morris L | title = Effectiveness of hypnosis as an adjunct to behavioral weight management | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–41 | date = January 1985 | pmid = 3973038 | doi = 10.1002/1097-4679(198501)41:1<35::AID-JCLP2270410107>3.0.CO;2-Z | url = http://www.hypnoprogram.com/documents/Three_Studies_WL_Hypnosis.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131208195457/http://www.hypnoprogram.com/documents/Three_Studies_WL_Hypnosis.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cochrane G, Friesen J | title = Hypnotherapy in weight loss treatment | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 54 | issue = 4 | pages = 489–92 | date = August 1986 | pmid = 3745601 | doi = 10.1037/0022-006X.54.4.489 | url = http://www.hypnoprogram.com/documents/Three_Studies_WL_Hypnosis.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131208195457/http://www.hypnoprogram.com/documents/Three_Studies_WL_Hypnosis.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 December 2013}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
In a January 2001 article in ''[[Psychology Today]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200101/the-power-hypnosis |title=The Power of Hypnosis |first=Deirdre |last=Barrett |magazine=Psychology Today |issue=Jan/Feb |year=2001}}</ref> Harvard psychologist [[Deirdre Barrett]] wrote:
{{blockquote|text=A hypnotic trance is not therapeutic in and of itself, but specific suggestions and images fed to clients in a trance can profoundly alter their behavior. As they rehearse the new ways they want to think and feel, they lay the groundwork for changes in their future actions... }} Barrett described specific ways this is operationalised for habit change and amelioration of phobias. In her 1998 book of hypnotherapy case studies,<ref name="PregnantMan"/> she reviews the clinical research on hypnosis with dissociative disorders, smoking cessation, and insomnia, and describes successful treatments of these complaints.

In a July 2001 article for ''[[Scientific American]]'' titled "The Truth and the Hype of Hypnosis", Michael Nash wrote that, "using hypnosis, scientists have temporarily created hallucinations, compulsions, certain types of memory loss, false memories, and delusions in the laboratory so that these phenomena can be studied in a controlled environment."<ref name="Nash"/>

==== Menopause ====
There is evidence supporting the use of hypnotherapy in the treatment of [[menopause]] related symptoms, including [[hot flash]]es.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hickey|first1=Martha|last2=Szabo|first2=Rebecca A.|last3=Hunter|first3=Myra S.|date=2017-11-23|title=Non-hormonal treatments for menopausal symptoms|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5101|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=359|pages=j5101|doi=10.1136/bmj.j5101|issn=0959-8138|pmid=29170264|s2cid=46856968|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907105558/https://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5101|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[North American Menopause Society]] recommends hypnotherapy for the nonhormonal management of menopause-associated [[vasomotor]] symptoms, giving it the highest level of evidence.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|date=November 2015|title=Nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: 2015 position statement of The North American Menopause Society|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26382310/|journal=Menopause|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1155–1172; quiz 1173–1174|doi=10.1097/GME.0000000000000546|issn=1530-0374|pmid=26382310|s2cid=14841660|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322145613/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26382310/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Irritable bowel syndrome ====
Hypnotherapy has been studied for the treatment of [[irritable bowel syndrome]].<ref>Moore, M. & Tasso, A.F. 'Clinical hypnosis: the empirical evidence' in The Oxford Handbook of Hypnosis (2008) {{ISBN|0-19-857009-0}} pp. 718–19</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gonsalkorale WM, Whorwell PJ | title = Hypnotherapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome | journal = European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–20 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15647634 | doi = 10.1097/00042737-200501000-00004 | s2cid = 28967219 }}</ref> Hypnosis for IBS has received moderate support in the [[National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence]] guidance published for UK health services.<ref>[http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/IBSFullGuideline.pdf NICE Guidance for IBS]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 1 October 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008122956/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/IBSFullGuideline.pdf |date=8 October 2012}}</ref> It has been used as an aid or alternative to chemical [[anesthesia]],<ref>"Physician Studies Hypnosis As Sedation Alternative," University of Iowa News Service, 6 February 2003 [http://www.news-releases.uiowa.edu/2003/february/020603hypnosis.html News-releases.uiowa.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117205127/http://news-releases.uiowa.edu/2003/february/020603hypnosis.html |date=17 November 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/74727.php Pain Decreases Under Hypnosis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103112335/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/74727.php |date=3 January 2009 }}. Medicalnewstoday.com. 20 June 2007</ref><ref>John F. Kihlstrom, University of California, Berkeley and Institute for the Study of Healthcare Organizations &Transactions [http://www.institute-shot.com/hypnosis_pain_utility.htm Hypnosis in Surgery: Efficacy, Specificity, and Utility]. Institute-shot.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219015819/http://www.institute-shot.com/hypnosis_pain_utility.htm |date=19 December 2008}}</ref> and it has been studied as a way to soothe skin ailments.<ref>[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypnosis/SA00084 Hypnosis]. Mayoclinic.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828235509/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypnosis/SA00084 |date=28 August 2008}}</ref>

==== Pain management ====
A number of studies show that hypnosis can reduce the pain experienced during burn-wound [[debridement]],<ref name="Patterson">{{cite journal | vauthors = Patterson DR, Questad KA, de Lateur BJ | title = Hypnotherapy as an adjunct to narcotic analgesia for the treatment of pain for burn debridement | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 156–63 | date = January 1989 | pmid = 2563925 | doi = 10.1080/00029157.1989.10402884}}</ref> bone marrow aspirations, and [[childbirth]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es/english/1699.pdf | vauthors = Mendoza ME, Capafons A |year=2009 |title=Efficacy of clinical hypnosis: A summary of its empirical evidence |journal=Papeles del Psicólogo |volume=30 |pages=98–116 |issue=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108013040/http://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es/english/1699.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Ewin">{{cite journal |url=http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4523306/Ewin-Use_hypnosis_treatment_burn_patients.pdf |title=The use of hypnosis in the treatment of burn patients |journal=International Handbook of Clinical Hypnosis |vauthors=Ewin DM |year=2001 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=274–83 |pmid=1289964 |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-date=5 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705212147/http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4523306/Ewin-Use_hypnosis_treatment_burn_patients.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis'' found that hypnosis relieved the pain of 75% of 933 subjects participating in 27 different experiments.<ref name="Nash">Nash, Michael R. "[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-truth-and-the-hype-of-2001-07 The Truth and the Hype of Hypnosis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101104111/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-truth-and-the-hype-of-2001-07 |date=1 November 2013 }}". [[Scientific American]]: July 2001</ref>

Hypnosis is effective in decreasing the fear of [[Treatment of cancer|cancer treatment]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180619122514.htm|title=Hypnosis may help reduce fear of cancer treatment in children: Hypnosis could help to reduce the fear of medical procedures in children and young people with cancer.|work=ScienceDaily|access-date=22 June 2018|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417183052/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180619122514.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> reducing pain from<ref name="Butler">{{cite journal | vauthors = Butler B | title = The use of hypnosis in the care of the cancer patient | journal = Cancer | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–14 | date = January 1954 | pmid = 13126897 | doi = 10.1002/1097-0142(195401)7:1<1::AID-CNCR2820070103>3.0.CO;2-0 | doi-access = free}}</ref> and coping with cancer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4431493/Peynovska-Efficacy_hypnotherapy_supplement_therapy_cancer.pdf |vauthors=Peynovska R, Fisher J, Oliver D, Matthew VM |year=2003 |title=Efficacy of hypnotherapy as a supplement therapy in cancer intervention |work=Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of The Royal College of Psychiatrists, 30 June – 3 July 2003 |access-date=5 May 2013 |archive-date=6 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706012254/http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4431493/Peynovska-Efficacy_hypnotherapy_supplement_therapy_cancer.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> and other chronic conditions.<ref name="Nash"/> Nausea and other symptoms related to incurable diseases may also be managed with hypnosis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Spiegel D, Moore R | title = Imagery and hypnosis in the treatment of cancer patients | journal = Oncology | volume = 11 | issue = 8 | pages = 1179–89; discussion 1189–95 | date = August 1997 | pmid = 9268979}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mascott C | title = Hypnotherapy. A complementary therapy with broad applications | journal = Diabetes Self-Management | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 15–18 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15586907}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwekkeboom KL, Gretarsdottir E | title = Systematic review of relaxation interventions for pain | journal = Journal of Nursing Scholarship | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 269–77 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17044345 | doi = 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2006.00113.x}}</ref> Some practitioners have claimed hypnosis might help boost the immune system of people with cancer. However, according to the [[American Cancer Society]], "available scientific evidence does not support the idea that hypnosis can influence the development or progression of cancer."<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/mindbodyandspirit/hypnosis
|title=Hypnosis
|date=November 2008
|publisher=[[American Cancer Society]]
|access-date=22 September 2013
|archive-date=31 July 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731144004/http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/mindbodyandspirit/hypnosis
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Hypnosis has been used as a pain relieving technique during [[dental surgery]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WKYQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=N5UDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3232,32552|title=The Age - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=13 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613145427/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WKYQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=N5UDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3232%2C32552|url-status=live}}</ref> and related pain management regimens as well. Researchers like Jerjes and his team have reported that hypnosis can help even those patients who have acute to severe orodental pain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jerjes W, Hopper C, Kumar M, Upile T, Madland G, Newman S, Feinmann C | title = Psychological intervention in acute dental pain: review | journal = British Dental Journal | volume = 202 | issue = 6 | pages = 337–43 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17384613 | doi = 10.1038/bdj.2007.227 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Additionally, Meyerson and Uziel have suggested that hypnotic methods have been found to be highly fruitful for alleviating anxiety in patients with severe dental phobia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meyerson J, Uziel N | title = Application of hypno-dissociative strategies during dental treatment of patients with severe dental phobia | journal = The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis | volume = 62 | issue = 2 | pages = 179–87 | pmid = 24568324 | doi = 10.1080/00207144.2014.869129 | year = 2014 | s2cid = 22065303}}</ref>

For some psychologists who uphold the altered state theory of hypnosis, pain relief in response to hypnosis is said to be the result of the brain's [[Dual process theory|dual-processing]] functionality. This effect is obtained either through the process of selective attention or dissociation, in which both theories involve the presence of activity in pain receptive regions of the brain, and a difference in the processing of the stimuli by the hypnotised subject.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Myers |first1=David G. |title=Psychology: Tenth Edition in Modules |date=2014 |publisher=Worth Publishers |pages=112–13 |edition=10th}}</ref>

The American Psychological Association published a study comparing the effects of hypnosis, ordinary suggestion, and placebo in reducing pain. The study found that highly suggestible individuals experienced a greater reduction in pain from hypnosis compared with placebo, whereas less suggestible subjects experienced no pain reduction from hypnosis when compared with placebo. Ordinary non-hypnotic suggestion also caused reduction in pain compared to placebo, but was able to reduce pain in a wider range of subjects (both high and low suggestible) than hypnosis. The results showed that it is primarily the subject's responsiveness to suggestion, whether within the context of hypnosis or not, that is the main determinant of causing reduction in pain.<ref>"Hypnosis, suggestion, and placebo in the reduction of experimental pain" [http://www.faqs.org/abstracts/Psychology-and-mental-health/Hypnosis-suggestion-and-placebo-in-the-reduction-of-experimental-pain.html faqs.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216090017/http://www.faqs.org/abstracts/Psychology-and-mental-health/Hypnosis-suggestion-and-placebo-in-the-reduction-of-experimental-pain.html |date=16 December 2009 }}</ref>

==== Other uses of hypnotherapy====

In 2019, a Cochrane review was unable to find evidence of benefit of hypnosis in smoking cessation, and suggested if there is, it is small at best.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barnes|first1=Joanne|last2=McRobbie|first2=Hayden|last3=Dong|first3=Christine Y|last4=Walker|first4=Natalie|last5=Hartmann-Boyce|first5=Jamie|date=2019-06-14|editor-last=Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group|title=Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2019|issue=6|pages=CD001008|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001008.pub3|pmc=6568235|pmid=31198991}}</ref>

Hypnosis may be useful as an adjunct therapy for weight loss. A 1996 meta-analysis studying hypnosis combined with cognitive behavioural therapy found that people using both treatments lost more weight than people using cognitive behavioural therapy alone.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> 

American psychiatric nurses, in most medical facilities, are allowed to administer hypnosis to patients in order to relieve symptoms such as anxiety, arousal, negative behaviours, uncontrollable behaviour, and to improve self-esteem and confidence. This is permitted only when they have been completely trained about their clinical side effects and while under supervision when administering it.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S1078-3903(03)00226-X|author=Valente, M.S.|year=2003|title=Hypnosis: A Useful Strategy for Symptom Relief|journal=Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association|volume= 9|issue=5|pages=163–66|s2cid=146512348}}</ref>

===Forensic hypnosis===
{{main|Forensic hypnosis}}
The use of hypnosis to exhume information thought to be buried within the mind in the investigative process and as evidence in court became increasingly popular from the 1950s to the early 1980s with its use being debated into the 1990s when its popular use mostly diminished.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Winter|first=Alison|date=2013-03-01|title=The rise and fall of forensic hypnosis|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369848612001057|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|series=Special Issue: Forensic Cultures|language=en|volume=44|issue=1|pages=26–35|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2012.09.011|pmid=23142619|issn=1369-8486|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414222226/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369848612001057|url-status=live}}</ref> Forensic hypnosis's uses are hindered by concerns with its reliability and accuracy. Controversy surrounds the use of hypnotherapy to retrieve memories, especially those from early childhood. The [[American Medical Association]] and the [[American Psychological Association]] caution against [[recovered-memory therapy]] in cases of alleged childhood trauma, stating that "it is impossible, without corroborative evidence, to distinguish a true memory from a false one."<ref name="APA">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/mem.html |title=Questions and Answers about Memories of Childhood Abuse |publisher=American Psychological Association |access-date=22 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205061916/http://apa.org/pubinfo/mem.html |archive-date=5 December 2006}}</ref> [[Past life regression]] is regarded as [[pseudoscience]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Astin JA, Shapiro SL, Eisenberg DM, Forys KL | title = Mind-body medicine: state of the science, implications for practice | journal = The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–47 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12665179 | doi = 10.3122/jabfm.16.2.131 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.501.9041| s2cid = 2309771 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/psychiatry/sections/cspp/dops/dr.-stevensons-publications/STE40.pdf |title=Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences – University of Virginia School of Medicine |publisher=Medicine.virginia.edu |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615183751/http://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/psychiatry/sections/cspp/dops/dr.-stevensons-publications/STE40.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Military ===
A 2006 [[declassification|declassified]] 1966 document obtained by the US [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] archive shows that hypnosis was investigated for military applications.<ref name="Hypnosis in Intelligence">[http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/mindcontrol/hypnosisinintelligence.pdf Hypnosis in Intelligence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816155256/http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/mindcontrol/hypnosisinintelligence.pdf |date=16 August 2010 }}, ''The Black Vault'', 2008</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=September 2021}} The full paper explores the potentials of operational uses.<ref name="Hypnosis in Intelligence"/> The overall conclusion of the study was that there was no evidence that hypnosis could be used for military applications, and no clear evidence whether "hypnosis" is a definable phenomenon outside ordinary suggestion, motivation, and subject expectancy. According to the document:

{{blockquote|text=The use of hypnosis in intelligence would present certain technical problems not encountered in the clinic or laboratory. To obtain compliance from a resistant source, for example, it would be necessary to hypnotise the source under essentially hostile circumstances. There is no good evidence, clinical or experimental, that this can be done.<ref name="Hypnosis in Intelligence"/>}}

Furthermore, the document states that:

{{blockquote|text=It would be difficult to find an area of scientific interest more beset by divided professional opinion and contradictory experimental evidence... No one can say whether hypnosis is a qualitatively unique state with some physiological and conditioned response components or only a form of suggestion induced by high motivation and a positive relationship between hypnotist and subject... [[Theodore X. Barber|T. X. Barber]] has produced "hypnotic deafness" and "hypnotic blindness", analgesia and other responses seen in hypnosis—all without hypnotising anyone... Orne has shown that unhypnotised persons can be motivated to equal and surpass the supposed superhuman physical feats seen in hypnosis.<ref name="Hypnosis in Intelligence"/>}}

The study concluded that there are no reliable accounts of its effective use by an intelligence service in history.<ref name="Hypnosis in Intelligence"/>

Research into hypnosis in military applications is further verified by the [[Project MKUltra]] experiments, also conducted by the [[CIA]].<ref>[http://community.theblackvault.com/articles/entry/CIA-MKULTRA-Collection- MKULTRA Program], ''The Black Vault'', 2008 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323173042/http://community.theblackvault.com/articles/entry/CIA-MKULTRA-Collection- |date=23 March 2012}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=September 2021}} According to Congressional testimony,<ref name="Congressional Hearing by MKULTRA">[http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/mindcontrol/hearing.pdf Congressional Hearing by MKULTRA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618041653/http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/mindcontrol/hearing.pdf |date=18 June 2008 }}, ''The Black Vault''</ref> the CIA experimented with utilising [[LSD]] and hypnosis for [[Brainwashing|mind control]]. Many of these programs were done domestically and on participants who were not informed of the study's purposes or that they would be given drugs.<ref name="Congressional Hearing by MKULTRA"/>

=== Self-hypnosis ===
{{Main|Self-hypnosis}}
Self-hypnosis happens when a person hypnotises oneself, commonly involving the use of [[autosuggestion]]. The technique is often used to increase motivation for a [[Dieting|diet]], to quit smoking, or to reduce stress. People who practise self-hypnosis sometimes require assistance; some people use devices known as [[mind machine]]s to assist in the process, whereas others use hypnotic recordings.

Self-hypnosis is claimed to help with stage fright, relaxation, and physical well-being.<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/hr/sdtu/research/programme/sdsh/index.php "Self-hypnosis as a skill for busy research workers."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513225502/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/hr/sdtu/research/programme/sdsh/index.php |date=13 May 2008 }} London's Global University Human Resources. ucl.ac.uk.</ref>

=== Stage hypnosis ===
{{Main|Stage hypnosis}}
Stage hypnosis is a form of entertainment, traditionally employed in a club or theatre before an audience. Due to stage hypnotists' showmanship, many people believe that hypnosis is a form of mind control. Stage hypnotists typically attempt to hypnotise the entire audience and then select individuals who are "under" to come up on stage and perform embarrassing acts, while the audience watches. However, the effects of stage hypnosis are probably due to a combination of psychological factors, participant selection, suggestibility, physical manipulation, stagecraft, and trickery.<ref>{{cite book | last = Yapko | first = Michael | author-link = Michael D. Yapko | title = Trancework: An introduction to the practice of Clinical Hypnosis | location = New York | publisher = Brunner/Mazel | year = 1990 | page = 28}}</ref> The desire to be the centre of attention, having an excuse to violate their own fear suppressors, and the pressure to please are thought to convince subjects to "play along".<ref name="Wagstaff">{{cite book |last=Wagstaff |first=Graham F. | name-list-style = vanc |year=1981 |title=Hypnosis, Compliance and Belief |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-40157-3}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Books by stage hypnotists sometimes explicitly describe the use of deception in their acts; for example, [[Ormond McGill]]'s ''New Encyclopedia of Stage Hypnotism'' describes an entire "fake hypnosis" act that depends upon the use of private whispers throughout.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

=== Music ===
The idea of music as hypnosis developed from the work of [[Franz Mesmer]]. Instruments such as pianos, violins, harps and, especially, [[Glass harmonica|the ''glass harmonica'']] often featured in Mesmer's treatments; and were considered to contribute to Mesmer's success.<ref>Polter 1934, p. 15. See also Franklin 1785, p. 23. Gallo and Finger 2000; Hadlock 2000a; Hyatt King 1945.</ref>

Hypnotic music became an important part in the development of a 'physiological psychology' that regarded the hypnotic state as an 'automatic' phenomenon that links to physical reflex. In their experiments with sound hypnosis, [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] used gongs and tuning forks, and [[Ivan Pavlov]] used bells. The intention behind their experiments was to prove that physiological response to sound could be automatic, bypassing the conscious mind.<ref>Pavlov 1928; Todes 2002.</ref>

=== Satanic brainwashing ===

In the 1980s and 1990s, [[satanic panic|a moral panic]] took place in the US fearing [[Satanic ritual abuse]]. As part of this, certain books such as ''The Devil's Disciples'' claimed that some bands, particularly in the musical genre of heavy metal, [[Brainwashing|brainwashed]] American teenagers with subliminal messages to lure them into the worship of the devil, sexual immorality, murder, and especially suicide.<ref>Godwin 1986, 1995; Peters and Peters 1985.</ref>

=== Crime ===
Various people have been suspected of or convicted for hypnosis-related crimes, including robbery and sexual abuse.

In 1951, Palle Hardrup shot and killed two people during a botched robbery in [[Copenhagen]] - see [[Hypnosis murders]]. Hardrup claimed that his friend and former cellmate Bjørn Schouw Nielsen had hypnotised him to commit the robbery, inadvertently causing the deaths. Both were sentenced to jail time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martinsen |first1=Poul |title=Hypnosemorderen – dobbeltmennesket Palle Hardrup |date=2012 |publisher=Gyldendal |isbn=978-87-02-12200-8 |language=da}}</ref>

In 2013, the then-40-year-old amateur hypnotist Timothy Porter attempted to sexually abuse his female weight-loss client. She reported awaking from a trance and finding him behind her with his pants down, telling her to touch herself. He was subsequently called to court and included on the sex offender list.<ref>[https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/hypnotist-timothy-porter-made-sex-2234728 Evil hypnotist made me into his sex slave: He admits vile acts while client was in trance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023322/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/hypnotist-timothy-porter-made-sex-2234728 |date=7 November 2017 }}, ''Mirror''</ref> In 2015, Gary Naraido, then 52, was sentenced to 10 years in prison for several hypnosis-related sexual abuse charges. Besides the primary charge by a 22-year-old woman who he sexually abused in a hotel under the guise of a free therapy session, he also admitted to having sexually assaulted a 14-year-old girl.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11897562/Hypnotist-jailed-for-ten-years-after-sexually-assaulting-woman-under-his-spell.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11897562/Hypnotist-jailed-for-ten-years-after-sexually-assaulting-woman-under-his-spell.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Hypnotist jailed for ten years after sexually assaulting woman under his spell|journal=Daily Telegraph|last=Clarke-Billings|first=Lucy| name-list-style = vanc |date=28 September 2015|access-date=1 November 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In December 2018, a Brazilian [[mediumship|medium]] named [[João Teixeira de Faria]] (also known as "João de Deus"), famous for performing Spiritual Surgeries through hypnosis techniques, was accused of sexual abuse by 12 women.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/world/americas/brazil-healer-john-of-god.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/world/americas/brazil-healer-john-of-god.html |archive-date=2022-01-03 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Celebrity Healer in Brazil Is Accused of Sexually Abusing Followers|last=Darlington|first=Shasta| name-list-style = vanc |date=11 December 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=12 December 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/12/twelve-women-accuse-medium-john-of-god-of-sexual-abuse.shtml| title=Twelve Women Accuse Medium John of God of Sexual Abuse| date=9 December 2018| access-date=14 December 2018| archive-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211065435/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/12/twelve-women-accuse-medium-john-of-god-of-sexual-abuse.shtml| url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016 an Ohio lawyer was sentenced to 12 years of prison after hypnotizing a dozen different clients into committing sexual acts under the guise of a mindfulness exercise.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4571750/ohio-lawyer-hynotize-women/|title=Lawyer Who Hypnotized Women For His Own Sexual Pleasure Sentenced to Prison|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref>

=== Sexual ===
{{Further|Erotic hypnosis}}