Editing Hydrostatic shock (section)

==Remote pressure wave effects in the spine and internal organs==
In a study of a handgun injury, Sturtevant found that pressure waves from a bullet impact in the torso can reach the spine and that a focusing effect from concave surfaces can concentrate the pressure wave on the spinal cord producing significant injury.<ref name="fn_(141)"/> This is consistent with other work showing remote spinal cord injuries from ballistic impacts.<ref name="fn_(714)">{{cite journal |last1=Saxon |first1=M |last2=Snyder |first2=HA |last3=Washington |first3=HA |title= Atypical Brown-Sequard syndrome following gunshot wound to the face |journal= Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=299–302 |year=1982 |doi=10.1016/0278-2391(82)90223-3|pmid=6953180 }}</ref><ref name="fn_(715)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1302/0301-620x.39b3.438|title=Incomplete Spinal Cord Injuries|year=1957|last1=Taylor|first1=R. G.|last2=Gleave|first2=J. R. W.|journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume|volume=39-B|issue=3|pages=438–450|pmid=13463030 }}</ref>

Roberts et al. present both experimental work and finite element modeling showing that there can be considerable pressure wave magnitudes in the thoracic cavity for handgun projectiles stopped by a Kevlar vest.<ref name="fn_(142)"/><ref name="fn_(143)"/> For example, an 8&nbsp;gram projectile at 360&nbsp;m/s impacting a NIJ level II vest over the sternum can produce an estimated pressure wave level of nearly 2.0 MPa (280 psi) in the heart and a pressure wave level of nearly 1.5 MPa (210 psi) in the lungs. Impacting over the liver can produce an estimated pressure wave level of 2.0 MPa (280 psi) in the liver.