Editing Hummus (section)

==In culture==
{{see also|Politics of food in the Arab-Israeli conflict}}
Hummus is often seen as an unofficial "national dish" of Israel, reflecting its huge popularity and significance among the entire Israeli population,<ref name=bbc/> which Israel's critics describe as an [[Cultural appropriation|appropriation]] of Lebanese,<ref name="ariel">Ari Ariel, "The Hummus Wars", ''Gastronomica'' '''12''':1:34–42 (Spring 2012) {{doi|10.1525/GFC.2012.12.1.34}}</ref> Palestinian or Arab culture.<ref name="Mitnick 2007">{{cite news|access-date=2018-08-29|first=Joshua |last=Mitnick |title=Hummus brings Israelis, Palestinians to the table|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0725/p07s02-wome.html|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|date=25 July 2007|issn=0882-7729}}</ref> According to Ofra Tene and Dafna Hirsch, the dispute over ownership of hummus exposes [[nationalism]] through food and the important role played by the industrialization of hummus made by Israeli private companies in 1958.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Atsuko Ichijo, Ronald Ranta|title=Food, National Identity and Nationalism: From Everyday to Global Politics|journal=National Identities |date=2022 |volume=24 |issue=1 |editor=Springer|page=123|doi=10.1080/14608944.2020.1864123 |bibcode=2022NatId..24...74T |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/671412/2/Teughels_Nelleke_2021_Review_Food_National_Identity_RepoFile.doc }}</ref><ref>Hirsch D, Tene O. Hummus: The making of an Israeli culinary cult. Journal of Consumer Culture. 2013;13(1):25-45. doi:10.1177/1469540512474529</ref> Although, hummus has traditionally been part of the [[cuisine of the Mizrahi Jews]] who lived in [[Arab world|Arabic-speaking lands]], the dish was also popularized among the Jewish immigrants from Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century. Historian Dafna Hirsch describes its adoption in their diet as part of an attempt of blending in the Middle Eastern environment,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=HIRSCH |first=DAFNA |date=2011 |title="Hummus is best when it is fresh and made by Arabs": The gourmetization of hummus in Israel and the return of the repressed Arab |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=617–630 |doi=10.1111/j.1548-1425.2011.01326.x |jstor=41410422 |issn=0094-0496|doi-access=free }}</ref> while sociologist Rafi Grosglick points out the importance of its health aspects to their diet.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ishita Banerjee-Dube|title=Cooking Cultures|editor=Cambridge University Press|page=51}}</ref> In recent years, through a process of gourmetization, the [[Arab identity]] of hummus became a marker of its authenticity, making famous [[Arab-Israeli]] villages such as [[Abu Gosh]] and [[Kafr Yasif]]. Hence, enthusiasts travel to the more remote Arab and [[Druze]] villages in the northern [[Galilee]] region for culinary experiences.<ref name=bbc/><ref>{{cite news|author=Yotam Ottolenghi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2010/jun/29/perfect-hummus-debate|title=The perfect hummus debate|newspaper=The Guardian|date=29 June 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226132545/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2010/jun/29/perfect-hummus-debate|archive-date=26 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Marks 2010">{{cite book|first1=Gil|last1=Marks|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFK_yx7Ps7cC&pg=PT845|publisher=HMH|date=17 November 2010|isbn=9780544186316|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In October 2008, the Association of Lebanese Industrialists petitioned the [[Lebanese Ministry of Economy and Trade]] to request protected status from the [[European Commission]] for hummus as a uniquely Lebanese food, similar to the [[Protected Geographical Status]] rights held over regional food items by various [[European Union]] countries.<ref>[[Zeina Karam|Karam, Zeina]], "[https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-10-07-lebanon-israel_N.htm Hummus war looms between Lebanon and Israel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715063153/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-10-07-lebanon-israel_N.htm |date=15 July 2012 }}", ''[[Associated Press]]'', 7 October 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/3178040/Hummus-food-fight-between-Lebanon-and-Israel.html |title=Hummus food fight between Lebanon and Israel |last=Wheeler |first=Carolynne |date=11 October 2008 |website=telegraph.co.uk |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218042219/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/3178040/Hummus-food-fight-between-Lebanon-and-Israel.html |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
 |title=Whose hummus is it anyway?
 |date=November 9, 2008
 |work=The Times of South Africa
|url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Lifestyle/Article.aspx?id=877641
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120220004/http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Lifestyle/Article.aspx?id=877641
 |archive-date=20 November 2008
 |df=dmy-all
}}</ref> {{As of|2009}}, the Lebanese Industrialists Association was still "collecting documents and proof" to support its claim.<ref name=Score>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/lebanese-to-israel-hands-off-our-hummus-1.5516 |title=Lebanese to Israel: Hands Off Our Hummus! <!-- published by some media outlets as "Lebanese Score in Hummus War with Israel" --> |work=Haaretz |agency=Associated Press |date=24 October 2009 |access-date=23 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001607/http://www.haaretz.com/news/lebanese-to-israel-hands-off-our-hummus-1.5516 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The 2005 short film ''[[West Bank Story]]'' features a rivalry between two fictional restaurants, the Israeli "Kosher King" and the Palestinian "Hummus Hut". A [[parody]] of ''[[West Side Story]]'', the film won the 2006 [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Nirit|last=Anderman|access-date=2018-08-29|title=Musical Comedy on West Bank Wins Oscar for Best Live Action Short Film|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4807975|newspaper=Haaretz|date=26 February 2007}}</ref> In 2012, Australian filmmaker Trevor Graham released a documentary, ''Make Hummus Not War'', on the political and gastronomic aspects of hummus.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rutledge|first1=David|title=Make hummus not war|url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/earshot/make-hummus-not-war/6303316|access-date=29 November 2015|publisher=ABC Australia|date=11 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124184251/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/earshot/make-hummus-not-war/6303316|archive-date=24 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Lebanon and Israel's chefs have been engaged in a competition over the largest dish of hummus, as validated by the [[Guinness World Record]], as a form of contestation of "ownership".<ref name="ariel"/> The "title" has gone back and forth between Israel (2008), Lebanon (2009), Israel (January 2010),<ref>"Israel takes Hummus World Record", ''Haaretz'' [https://www.haaretz.com/1.5083489 January 8, 2010]; see also [[Jawdat Ibrahim]]</ref> and, {{as of|2021|lc=y}}, Lebanon (May 2010).<ref name="ariel"/><ref name="big one">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/05/09/lebanon.hummus/index.html|title=Lebanon claims latest title in 'Hummus War'|work=CNN|date=9 May 2010|access-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422211325/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/05/09/lebanon.hummus/index.html|archive-date=22 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/lebanon/lebanon-breaks-israel-s-hummus-world-record-1.624416|title=Lebanon breaks Israel's hummus world record|work=Gulf News, GN Media|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407055401/http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/lebanon/lebanon-breaks-israel-s-hummus-world-record-1.624416|archive-date=7 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The winning dish, cooked by 300 cooks in the village of al-Fanar, near [[Beirut]], weighed approximately {{Convert|10,450|kg|lb}}, more than double the weight of the Israeli-Arab previous record.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Abu Gosh mashes up world's largest hummus |newspaper=YNet |agency=AFP |date=8 January 2010 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3830318,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114102819/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3830318,00.html |archive-date=14 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel+beyond+politics/Abu_Ghosh_secures_Guinness_record_hummus_11-Jan-2010.htm |title=Abu Ghosh secures Guinness world record for largest dish of hummus |date=11 January 2010 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=31 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306173820/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel+beyond+politics/Abu_Ghosh_secures_Guinness_record_hummus_11-Jan-2010.htm |archive-date=6 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_The-largest-serving-of-hummus/BLOG/1713298/7691.html |title=The largest serving of hummus |author=Jack Brockbank |date=12 January 2010 |publisher=Guinness World Records |access-date=31 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405100437/http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_The-largest-serving-of-hummus/BLOG/1713298/7691.html |archive-date=5 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>