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===Skeletal system=== {{Main|Skeletal system of the horse}} [[File:Horse anatomy.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|The skeletal system of a modern horse|alt=Diagram of a horse skeleton with major parts labeled.]] The horse skeleton averages 205 bones.<ref name=Evans90>{{cite book|author=Evans, J. |title=The Horse |edition=Second |publisher=Freeman |location=New York |year=1990 |isbn=0-7167-1811-1 |oclc=20132967 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716718116/page/90 90] |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716718116/page/90}}</ref> A significant difference between the horse skeleton and that of a human is the lack of a [[Clavicle|collarbone]]βthe horse's [[Equine forelimb anatomy|forelimbs]] are attached to the [[Vertebral column|spinal column]] by a powerful set of muscles, tendons, and ligaments that attach the [[Scapula|shoulder blade]] to the torso. The horse's four legs and hooves are also unique structures. Their leg bones are proportioned differently from those of a human. For example, the body part that is called a horse's "knee" is actually made up of the [[carpal bones]] that correspond to the human [[wrist]]. Similarly, the [[hock (anatomy)|hock]] contains bones equivalent to those in the human [[ankle]] and [[heel]]. The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the [[Equine anatomy|fetlock]] (incorrectly called the "ankle") is actually the proximal [[sesamoid bone]]s between the [[Equine anatomy|cannon]] bones (a single equivalent to the human [[Metacarpus|metacarpal]] or [[metatarsal bones]]) and the [[proximal phalanges]], located where one finds the "knuckles" of a human. A horse also has no muscles in its legs below the knees and hocks, only skin, hair, bone, [[tendon]]s, [[ligament]]s, [[cartilage]], and the assorted specialized tissues that make up the [[horse hoof|hoof]].<ref name=Ensminger21>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], pp. 21β25</ref>
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