Editing Hoover Dam (section)

=== Groundworks, rock clearance and grout curtain ===
To protect the construction site from the Colorado River and to facilitate the river's diversion, two [[cofferdam]]s were constructed. Work on the upper cofferdam began in September 1932, even though the river had not yet been diverted.<ref name="USBR, Cofferdams" /> The cofferdams were designed to protect against the possibility of the river's flooding a site at which two thousand men might be at work, and their specifications were covered in the bid documents in nearly as much detail as the dam itself. The upper cofferdam was {{convert|abbr=on|96|ft}} high, and {{convert|750|ft}} thick at its base, thicker than the dam itself. It contained {{convert|650,000|cuyd}} of material.{{sfn|Hiltzik|2010|pp=318–319}}

[[File:HooverDamHighScaler.jpg|left|thumb|Looking down at "high scalers" above the Colorado River]]

When the cofferdams were in place and the construction site was drained of water, excavation for the dam foundation began. For the dam to rest on solid rock, it was necessary to remove [[Fluvial|accumulated erosion soils]] and other loose materials in the riverbed until sound bedrock was reached. Work on the foundation excavations was completed in June 1933. During this excavation, approximately {{convert|abbr=on|1,500,000 |cuyd}} of material was removed. Since the dam was an arch-gravity type, the side-walls of the canyon would bear the force of the impounded lake. Therefore, the side-walls were also excavated to reach virgin rock, as weathered rock might provide pathways for water seepage.<ref name="USBR, Cofferdams" /> Shovels for the excavation came from the [[Marion Power Shovel Company]].<ref>Olberhelman, Olberhelman, and Lampe. Quail Lakes & Coal: Energy for Wildlife ... and the World, 2013, page 60</ref>

The men who removed this rock were called "high scalers". While suspended from the top of the canyon with ropes, the high-scalers climbed down the canyon walls and removed the loose rock with [[jackhammers]] and [[dynamite]]. Falling objects were the most common cause of death on the dam site; the high scalers' work thus helped ensure worker safety.<ref name="USBR, High Scalers" /> One high scaler was able to save a life in a more direct manner: when a government inspector lost his grip on a safety line and began tumbling down a slope towards almost certain death, a high scaler was able to intercept him and pull him into the air. The construction site had become a magnet for tourists. The high scalers were prime attractions and showed off for the watchers. The high scalers received considerable media attention, with one worker dubbed the "Human Pendulum" for swinging co-workers (and, at other times, cases of dynamite) across the canyon.{{sfn|Hiltzik|2010|pp=308–309}} To protect themselves against falling objects, some high scalers dipped cloth hats in tar and allowed them to harden. When workers wearing such headgear were struck hard enough to inflict broken jaws, they sustained no skull damage. Six Companies ordered thousands of what initially were called "hard boiled hats" (later "[[hard hat]]s") and strongly encouraged their use.{{sfn|Stevens|1988|p=104}}

The cleared, underlying rock foundation of the dam site was reinforced with [[grout]], forming a [[grout curtain]]. Holes were driven into the walls and base of the canyon, as deep as {{convert|150|ft}} into the rock, and any cavities encountered were to be filled with grout. This was done to stabilize the rock, to prevent water from seeping past the dam through the canyon rock, and to limit "uplift"—upward pressure from water seeping under the dam. The workers were under severe time constraints due to the beginning of the concrete pour. When they encountered hot springs or cavities too large to readily fill, they moved on without resolving the problem. A total of 58 of the 393 holes were incompletely filled.{{sfn|Hiltzik|2010|pp=331–332}} After the dam was completed and the lake began to fill, large numbers of significant leaks caused the Bureau of Reclamation to examine the situation. It found that the work had been incompletely done, and was based on less than a full understanding of the canyon's geology. New holes were drilled from inspection galleries inside the dam into the surrounding bedrock.{{sfn|Hiltzik|2010|pp=387–390}} It took nine years (1938–47) under relative secrecy to complete the supplemental grout curtain.<ref name="Rogers 2005" />