Editing Homosexuality and religion (section)

====Islam====
[[File:Gay Islam.jpg|thumb|right|Symbolic depiction of the intersection of [[Islam]] and [[homosexuality]] combining the [[Crescent and star (symbol)|crescent and star]] and [[Rainbow flag (LGBTQ)|rainbow flag]]]]
{{Main|LGBT people and Islam}}
[[File:World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression.svg|thumb|280px|Same-sex intercourse illegal: {{legend|#800000|[[Death penalty for homosexuality]]}}{{legend|#cc6633|Death penalty on books but not applied}} According to the [[International Lesbian and Gay Association|ILGA]] seven countries still retain capital punishment for homosexual behavior: [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Yemen]] (for adultery), [[Iran]], [[Brunei]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Mauritania]], and northern [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileID=1111&ZoneID=7&FileCategory=50 |title=7 countries still put people to death for same-sex acts |publisher=ILGA |access-date=24 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029185853/http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileID=1111&ZoneID=7&FileCategory=50 |archive-date=29 October 2009 }}</ref>]]

Classical Islamic jurists did not deal with homosexuality as a sexual orientation, since the latter concept is modern and has no equivalent in traditional law, which dealt with it under the technical terms of ''liwata'' and ''[[zina|zinā]]''.<ref>Habib, Samar (2010). Islam and Homosexuality. ABC-CLIO. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-313-37903-1. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2020-10-02</ref> Most legal schools treat homosexual intercourse with penetration similarly to unlawful heterosexual intercourse under the rubric of ''zinā'', but there are differences of opinion with respect to methods of punishment, as evident from an eleventh-century discussion among the scholars of [[Baghdad]], some scholars argued that homosexual desires are natural, but only allowed in the afterlife.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lange |first=Christian |url= |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |location=Cambridge United Kingdom |page= |author-link=}}</ref>{{rp|p=152}} Some gay individuals undergo sex reassignment surgery to transition into the opposite gender to legally marry.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hamedani |first=Ali |date=5 November 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29832690 |title=The gay people pushed to change their gender |work=[[BBC Persian]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106224035/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29832690 |archive-date=6 November 2014 |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>

The discourse on homosexuality in Islam is primarily concerned with activities between men. There are, however, a few hadiths that mention homosexual behavior among women.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hendricks |first1=Mushin |title=Islamic Texts: A Source for Acceptance of Queer Individuals into Mainstream Muslim Society |url=https://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/muhsin.pdf |website=equalrightstrust.org |access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref> Although punishment for lesbianism is rarely mentioned in the histories, [[al-Tabari]] records an example of the execution in the year 170&nbsp;[[Islamic calendar|AH]] (786 or 787&nbsp;[[Anno Domini|AD]]) of a pair of lesbian slavegirls in the [[Harem (household)|harem]] of [[al-Hadi]] in a collection of highly critical anecdotes pertaining to that [[Caliph]]'s actions as ruler.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bosworth|first=C.E.|title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 30: The 'Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium: The Caliphates of Musa al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid A.D. 785-809/A.H. 169-193|year=1989|publisher=SUNY Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqf1gwM9O58C&pg=PA73|isbn=9780887065644}}</ref>

Some jurists viewed sexual intercourse as possible only for an individual who possesses a [[phallus]],<ref name="Omar">{{cite web |last=Omar |first=Sara |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Law |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0010 |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908183225/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0010 |archive-date=8 September 2015 }}</ref> hence those definitions of sexual intercourse that rely on the entry of as little as the [[Corona of glans penis|corona of the phallus]] into a partner's orifice.<ref name="Omar"/> Since women do not possess a phallus and, in this interpretation, cannot have intercourse with one another, they are therefore physically incapable of committing ''zinā''.<ref name="Omar"/>