Editing History of skiing (section)

==Sport==

[[File:1874 CA Longboard Racing.png|thumb|Sierra Longboard Racing, 1874]]
[[File:No-nb bldsa k7a004.jpg|thumb|upright|Studio image of [[Fridtjov Nansen]] depicting Norwegian skiing at an 1881 exhibit in Germany]]
[[File:Gabinio.Ciabotta Del Pra Val Pellice-Ing. Kind, Prof.Valbusa-Ing.Benassati-Prime Esercitazioni 124B2.jpg|thumb|Skiers with single poles in the [[Piedmont|Italian Piedmont]], near [[Val Pellice]] in 1898. Among them [[Adolfo Kind]]]]
[[File:Gråkallbakken Trondheim Wilse 06293.jpg|thumb|Ski jumping in [[Trondheim]] 1907]]

The first recorded organized skiing exercises and races are from military uses of skis in Norwegian and Swedish infantries. For instance, details of military ski exercises in the Danish-Norwegian army from 1767 included downhill in rough terrain, target practice while skiing downhill, and 3&nbsp;km cross-country skiing with full military backpack.<ref name=Bergsland/> Slalom (Norwegian: ''slalåm'') is a word of Norwegian origin that has entered the international skiing vocabulary. In the 1800s, skiers in [[Telemark]] challenged each other on "wild slopes" (''ville låmir''), more gentle slopes had the adjective "sla". Some races were on "bumpy courses" (''kneikelåm'') and sometimes included "steep jumps" (''sprøytehopp'') for difficulty. These 19th-century races in Telemark ran along particularly difficult trails usually from a steep mountain, along timber slides, and ended with a sharp turn ("Telemark turn") on a field or icy lake.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bø |first=Olav |date=1993 |title=Skiing throughout history |location=Oslo |publisher=Samlaget |isbn=825-2-138853}}</ref>
* 1809: [[Olaf Rye]] was first known [[ski jumper]].
* 1843: First public skiing competition ("betting race") held in [[Tromsø]], Norway on March 19, 1843. Also the first skiing competition reported in a newspaper.<ref name=Saur>{{cite book |first=Lasse |last=Saur |title=Norske ski - til glede og besvær |series=22 |year=1999 |pages=136 |place=Alta |language=no |publisher=Høgskolen i Finnmark, Avdeling for fritids- og kulturfag |isbn=8279380426}}</ref>
* 1861: First ski clubs: ''Inderøens Skiløberforening'' founded in the [[Trøndelag]] region of Norway<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ystad |first1=Andreas |last2=Sakshaug |first2=Ingevald |title=Inderøyboka. Ei bygdebok for Inderøy, Røra og Sandvollan. |publisher=Inderøy kommune |date=1973 |location=Inderøy, Norway |language=no |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPonAQAAMAAJ&q=Inderøens+Skiløberforening}}</ref> (possibly in 1862). ''Trysil Skytte- og Skiløberforning'' founded 20 May 1861 in [[Trysil]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Vaage |first=Jakob |author-link=Jakob Vaage |title=Skienes verden |publisher=Hjemmets forlag |date=1979 |location=Oslo |pages=269 |language=no |isbn=9788270061686}}</ref> [[Onion Valley]] Snow Shoe Club formed January 1861 in [[Lost Sierra|California]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Onion Valley Snow Shoe Club |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Skiing |date=2012 |last=Allen |first= E. John B. |publisher=Scarecrow Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTW-Cpm2e1oC&q=Onion%20Valley%20Snow |page=172 |isbn=978-0-81087-977-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84038814/1861-01-30/ed-1/seq-2/ |title=Snow Shoeing for a Belt |date=January 30, 1861 |journal=Daily National Democrat |volume=5 |number=135 |page=2 |location=Marysville, CA |via=Chronicling America}}</ref> [[Skiing in Australia|Skiing established in Australia]] at [[Kiandra, New South Wales|Kiandra]], which led to the founding of the [[Kiandra Snow Shoe Club]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/travel/article/0,31542,2090310,00.html |last=Neubauer |first=Ian Lloyd |title=The Long Run: Australia's Storied Ski Heaven |date=August 25, 2011 |magazine=TIME |access-date=2015-12-27}}</ref> Ski racing as an organised sport commenced in America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Longboards at Mammoth|url=http://www.thestormking.com/tahoe_nuggets/Nugget_170/nugget_170.html|publisher=Mic Mac Publishing|access-date=25 September 2012}}</ref>
* 1862: First public [[ski jumping]] competition held at [[Trysil]], Norway, January 22, 1862. Judges awarded points for style ("elegance and smoothness").<ref name=Saur/>
* 1863: First recorded female ski jumper at Trysil competition.<ref name=Saur/>
* 1864: From January 1864, "Trondheim Weapons Training Club" organized regular training and competition races (cross-country and jumping), in [[Trondheim]], Norway.<ref name=Saur/>
* 1872: The oldest ski club in [[North America]] still existing is the [[Nansen Ski Club]],<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.unionleader.com/article/20111107/NEWHAMPSHIRE03/111109924 | title= Union Leader - Nansen Ski Jump gets historical marker (seventh paragraph down) |access-date=December 9, 2011}}</ref> which was founded in 1872 by [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] immigrants of [[Berlin, New Hampshire]] under a different name.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.skinansen.com/history.html | title= History of the Nansen Ski Club | access-date= December 9, 2011 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110904022543/http://www.skinansen.com/history.html | archive-date= September 4, 2011}}</ref>
* 1878: On the occasion of the [[Exposition Universelle (1878)|Exposition Universelle]] in [[Paris]], the Norwegian pavilion presented a display of skis. This ancient means of locomotion drew the attention of visitors who bought many of them. [[Henry Duhamel]] experimented with a pair at [[Chamrousse]] in the [[Alps]].<ref name="Bivouak">{{cite web |url=http://www.bivouak.net/articles/Henri_Duhamel_49.php?id_article=49&id_sport=1 |title=Henri Duhamel |year=2013 |publisher=bivouak.net |access-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211214408/http://www.bivouak.net/articles/Henri_Duhamel_49.php?id_article=49&id_sport=1 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Chamrousse">{{cite web |url=http://pistehors.com/backcountry/wiki/Isere-Drome/Chamrousse-Ski-History |title=Chamrousse Ski History |year=2009 |publisher=PisteHors.com |access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="FT">{{cite journal |url=http://www.francetoday.com/articles/2010/12/31/top_secret_slopes.html |title=Top Secret Slopes |last=Bolitho |first=Andrea |journal=France Today |date=January 2010 |access-date=20 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216184600/http://www.francetoday.com/articles/2010/12/31/top_secret_slopes.html |archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>
* 1879: first recorded use of the word [[slalom skiing|slalom]].<ref name="sondrenorheim.com">{{cite web |title=Skis – Bindings – Telemark Turn – Christiania Turn – Slalom |url=http://www.sondrenorheim.com/skisbindingsstyle.htm |publisher=Sondre Norheim - the Skiing Pioneer of Telemark |access-date=25 September 2012}}</ref>
* 1884: First pure cross-country competition held in [[Trondheim]] when [[ski jumping]] was dropped from the annual competition.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haarstad |first=Kjell |date=1993 |title=Skisportens oppkomst i Norge |location=Trondheim |publisher=Tapir |isbn=978-8-25191-157-3}}</ref>
* 1893: Franz Reisch made first descent on skis at [[Kitzbühel]]<ref name="Schneeschuh">{{cite journal |journal=Der Schneeschuh |title= Mit dem Ski auf das Kitzbichler Horn (1994 m) 1 November 1893 |series= 1st volume |year=1893 |location= Munich |url= https://skikitz.org/site/assets/files/2067/1893-11-01_der_schneeschuh_-_reisch_aufs_horn.pdf}}</ref>
* 1893: [[William Adolf Baillie Grohman]] started skiing in the Tyrol with his family using four pairs of skis sent from Norway as a present.<ref name="TheField">{{cite journal |ref=TheField |first=Olga |last=Watkins |title= The first Skis in the Tyrol |journal=[[The Field (magazine)|The Field]] |issue= November |year=1937 |pages= 1274–1276 |location= London}}</ref>
* 1893: [[Henrik Angell]] introduced skiing in Montenegro.
* November 1895: creation of the ''Ski Club des Alpes'' in [[Grenoble]] by the friends of Henry Duhamel, to whom he had distributed 14 pairs of skis acquired during his trip to Finland
* 1897: The Norwegian [[Starkad Ski Club]], a ski club and literary society, was founded, publishing a journal featuring reports, interviews, poems, plays, and drawings from the early days of skiing in Norway
* 1898: Canadian championships in ski jumping and ski-running won by [[Olaus Jeldness]]
* 1904: First ski race in Italy, at [[Bardonecchia]].<ref name=Bergsland/>
* 1905: foundation of the Czech national ski association <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.czech-ski.com/historie-lyzarstvi |title=Historie lyžařství |website=Svaz lyžařů České republiky |language=cs}}</ref>
* 1905: foundation of the [[U.S. Ski & Snowboard|U.S. national ski association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ussa.org/about |title=About USSA |access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref>
* 1905/1906: The notion of "slalom" (Norwegian: "slalåm") was used for the first time at a race in Sonnenberg. Skiing between poles with flags called "Wertungsfahren" at Münchenkuggel.<ref name=Bergsland/>
* 1906: A slalom race was held in Oslo.<ref name="Bergsland1952">{{cite book |last=Bergsland |first=Einar |date=1952 |title=Skiing: A way of life in Norway |location=Oslo |publisher=Aschehoug}}</ref>
* 1907: First International Ski Competition, between Montgenevre (in France) and Claviere (in Italy).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Guide to Claviere and Montgenevre published by the Piemonte Regional Government Tourist Office |url=http://www.valsusainfo.it/montgenevre/mobile/index.html#p=4 |page=4 |website=Valsusainfo}}</ref>
* 1908: Sir Arnold Lunn founded the [[Alpine Ski Club]]
* 1908: The [[Kiandra Snow Shoe Club]] of Australia held an "international contest" of "ski running".<ref>{{cite news| title=Ski Running at Kiandra—An International Contest |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |page=8 |date=July 6, 1908 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10178153 |access-date=2016-01-01}}</ref>
* 1922: start of the [[Vasaloppet]].
* 1922: [[Arnold Lunn]] created modern slalom competitive skiing.<ref name="Bergsland1952" /><ref name="Hussey:9">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFgEAAAAMBAJ&dq=invented+the+slalom&pg=PA9 |title=The Man Who Changed the Face of Alpine Skiing |last=Hussey |first=Elisabeth |name-list-style=amp |date=December 2005 |journal=Skiing Heritage |volume=17 |number=4 |page=9}}</ref>
* 1922: First team ski race event at a [[Varsity Trip]] between Oxford and Cambridge Universities.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Skiing – University Prospects |date=17 December 1929}}</ref>
* 1924: formation of the [[International Ski Federation]], also the first [[1924 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics]].
* 1924: [[Kandahar Ski Club]] formed in [[Mürren]], [[Switzerland]]<ref name="Kandahar Story">{{cite book |last=Lunn |first=Sir Arnold |title=The Kandahar Story |year=1969 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |location=London |isbn=0-04-796033-7 |page=101}}</ref>
* 1929: Norwegian instructors arrived in Sapporo and train Japanese in ski jumping.<ref name=Saur/>
* 1931: FIS international slalom contest.<ref name="Bergsland1952" />
* 1932: start of the [[Birkebeinerrennet]]
* 1936: Winter Olympics included downhill race.<ref name="Bergsland1952" />
* 1950: FIS officially included [[Giant slalom|Giant Slalom]] in its alpine events<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* [[1952 Winter Olympics]]: Women's Nordic skiing included for first time
* 1957: Doug Pfeiffer created modern [[freestyle skiing]]<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* 1959: The FIS officially required the wearing of helmets in all races<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* 1960: Cable network [[CBS]] bought the rights to show the Olympic Winter Games, marking the first time [[Instant replay|instant-replay]] is utilized in the sport<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* [[Paralympic cross-country skiing]] included at the [[1976 Winter Paralympics]].
* 1980: After the cross-country skiing event at the Olympic Winter Games was won by 0.01 seconds, the FIS was forced to change the precision of the timing in the events<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* 1992: [[Mogul skiing]] and [[freestyle skiing]] added to the [[1992 Winter Olympics]].
* [[2002 Winter Olympics]]: Appearance of sprint and mass start cross-country events in Salt Lake City.
* 2009: campaign for the inclusion of women's ski jumping led to its inclusion in the [[2014 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Timeline |url=http://history.fis-ski.com/ |website=International Ski Federation |access-date=12 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204193649/http://history.fis-ski.com/ |archive-date=4 December 2012}}</ref>