Editing History of anatomy (section)

===Pre-Renaissance Europe===
Throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, human anatomy was mainly learned through books and animal dissection.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Siraisi|first1=Nancey G.|title=Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/medievalearlyren00sira|url-access=registration|date=1990|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago and London|isbn=978-0-226-76129-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/medievalearlyren00sira/page/n98 84]}}</ref> While it was claimed by 19th century polemicists that dissection became restricted after [[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]] passed a [[papal bull]] that forbade the dismemberment and boiling of corpses for funerary purposes and this is still repeated in some generalist works, this claim has been debunked as a myth by modern historians of science.<ref>{{cite book |last=Park|first=Katherine|editor-last=Numbers|editor-first=Ronald L.|title=Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=November 2010 |pages=43–49 |chapter= Myth 5 - That the Medieval Church Prohibited Dissection |isbn=9780674057418}}</ref>

For many decades human dissection was thought unnecessary when all the knowledge about a human body could be read about from early authors such as Galen.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nutton|first1=Vivian|title=Ancient Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmedicine00nutt|url-access=registration|date=2004|publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group|location=London and New York|isbn=978-0-415-36848-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientmedicine00nutt/page/n152 138]}}</ref> In the 12th century, as universities were being established in Italy, Emperor Frederick II made it mandatory for students of medicine to take courses on human anatomy and surgery.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Crombie|first1=A.C.|title=Medieval and Early Modern Science|date=1967|publisher=Harvard University Press.|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|page=180 and 181|edition=volume 1}}</ref> Students who had the opportunity to watch Vesalius in dissection at times had the opportunity to interact with the animal corpse. At the risk of letting their eagerness to participate become a distraction to their professors, medical students preferred this interactive teaching style at the time.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Klestinec|first=Cynthia|year=2004|title=A History of Anatomy Theaters in Sixteenth-Century Padua|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine|volume=59|issue=3|pages=376–379|doi=10.1093/jhmas/59.3.375|pmid=15270335}}</ref> In the universities the lectern would sit elevated before the audience and instruct someone else in the dissection of the body, but in his early years Mondino de Luzzi performed the dissection himself making him one of the first and few to use a hands on approach to teaching human anatomy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Persaud|first1=T.V.N.|last2=Loukas|first2=Marios|last3=Tubbs|first3=Shane R. |title=A History of Human Anatomy|date=2014|publisher=Charles C. Thomas|location=Springfield, Illinois|isbn=978-0-398-08105-8|page=55}}</ref> Specifically in 1315, Mondino de' Liuzzi is credited with having "performed the first human dissection recorded for Western Europe."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe|last=Lindemann|first=Mary|publisher=Cambridge university press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-73256-7|pages=92}}</ref>

[[Mondino de Luzzi]] "Mundinus" was born around 1276 and died in 1326; from 1314 to 1324 he presented many lectures on human anatomy at Bologna university.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Benjamin Lee|title=Medieval and Renaissance Medicine|date=1959|publisher=Philosophical Library, Inc.|location=New York|pages=422–426}}</ref> Mondino de'Luzzi put together a book called "Anathomia" in 1316 that consisted of detailed dissections that he had performed, this book was used as a text book in universities for 250 years.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Persaud|first1=T.V.N.|last2=Loukas|first2=Marios|last3=Tubbs|first3=Shane R.|title=A History of Human Anatomy|date=2014|publisher=Charles C. Thomas|location=Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A|isbn=978-0-398-08105-8|pages=56, 55–59|edition=Second|url=http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1823109|access-date=2015-11-28|archive-date=2017-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908213435/https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1823109|url-status=live}}</ref> "Mundinus" carried out the first systematic human dissections since [[Herophilus of Chalcedon]] and [[Erasistratus of Ceos]] 1500 years earlier.<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993">{{cite book|last1=Zimmerman|first1=Leo M.|last2=Veith|first2=Ilza|title=Great Ideas in the History of Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbCI7z4UwMC|access-date=7 December 2012|date=1993-08-01 |publisher=Norman Publishing|isbn=9780930405533}}</ref><ref name="Crombie1959">{{cite book |last=Crombie |first=Alistair Cameron |title=The History of Science From Augustine to Galileo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGDScHy1clsC&pg=PA4|access-date=19 December 2012 |year=1959 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=9780486288505}}</ref> The first major development in anatomy in Christian Europe since the fall of Rome occurred at [[Bologna]], where anatomists dissected cadavers and contributed to the accurate description of organs and the identification of their functions. Following de Liuzzi's early studies, 15th century anatomists included [[Alessandro Achillini]] and [[Antonio Benivieni]].<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="BenivieniPolybus1529">{{cite book |last1=Benivieni |first1=Antonio|last2=Polybus |last3=Guinterius |first3=Joannes |title=De abditis nonnullis ac mirandis morborum & sanationum causis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieNEAAAAcAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012 |year=1529 |publisher=apud Andream Cratandrum}}</ref>