Editing History of Zimbabwe (section)

==1999 to 2000==
{{See also|Land reform in Zimbabwe}}
However, Zimbabwe began experiencing a period of considerable political and economic upheaval in 1999. Opposition to President Mugabe and the ZANU-PF government grew considerably after the mid-1990s in part due to worsening economic and human rights conditions brought about by the seizure of farmland owned by white farmers and economic sanctions imposed by [[Western world|Western]] countries in response.<ref name="Zimonline1">{{cite news|url=http://www.zimonline.co.za/Article.aspx?ArticleId=633 |title=REPORT: Policing the State – an evaluation of 1,981 political arrests in Zimbabwe: 2000–2005 |work=zimonline.co.za |date=15 December 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928081905/http://www.zimonline.co.za/Article.aspx?ArticleId=633 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Movement for Democratic Change (pre-2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]] (MDC) was established in September 1999 as an opposition party founded by trade unionist [[Morgan Tsvangirai]].

The MDC's first opportunity to test opposition to the Mugabe government came in February 2000, when a referendum was held on a draft constitution proposed by the government. Among its elements, the new constitution would have permitted President Mugabe to seek two additional terms in office, granted government officials immunity from prosecution, and authorised government seizure of white-owned land. The referendum was handily defeated. Shortly thereafter, the government, through a loosely organised group of war veterans, some of the so-called war veterans judging from their age were not war veterans as they were too young to have fought in the chimurenga, sanctioned an aggressive land redistribution program often characterised by forced expulsion of white farmers and violence against both farmers and farm employees.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}

[[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2000|Parliamentary elections held in June 2000]] were marred by localised violence, electoral irregularities, and government intimidation of opposition supporters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not a Level Playing Field: Zimbabwe's Parliamentary Elections in 2005 : Background |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/africa/zimbabwe0305/3.htm |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makumbe|first=John|date=2006|title=Electoral Politics in Zimbabwe: Authoritarianism Versus the People|journal=Africa Development|volume=31|issue=3|pages=45–61|jstor=24483863}}</ref> Nonetheless, the MDC succeeded in capturing 57 of 120 seats in the National Assembly.