Editing History of Rwanda (section)

===Strife and lead up to independence===
{{main|Rwandan Revolution}}
In the 1950s and early 1960s, a wave of [[Pan-Africanism]] swept through Central Africa, expressed by leaders such as [[Julius Nyerere]] in [[Tanzania]] and [[Patrice Lumumba]] in the Congo. Anti-colonial sentiment rose throughout central Africa, and a socialist platform of African unity and equality for all Africans was promoted. Nyerere wrote about the elitism of educational systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm|title=Julius Nyerere: Lifelong Learning and Informal Education|access-date=2007-05-27|date=2007-05-27|publisher=infed (Informal Education website), London, UK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703091502/http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm|archive-date=2007-07-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Encouraged by the [[Pan-Africanists]],{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} Hutu advocates in the Catholic Church, and by Christian Belgians (who were increasingly influential in the Congo), Hutu resentment of the Tutsi increased. The United Nations mandates, the Tutsi elite class, and the Belgian colonialists added to the growing unrest. [[Grégoire Kayibanda]], founder of [[Parmehutu|PARMEHUTU]], led the Hutu "emancipation" movement. In 1957, he wrote the "Hutu Manifesto". His party quickly became militarized. In reaction, in 1959 the Tutsi formed the UNAR party, lobbying for immediate independence for Ruanda-Urundi, to be based on the existing Tutsi monarchy. This group also became militarized. Skirmishes began between UNAR and PARMEHUTU groups. In July 1959, when the Tutsi Mwami (King) [[Mutara III Rudahigwa|Mutara III]] Charles died following a routine vaccination, some Tutsi thought he had been assassinated. His younger half-brother became the next Tutsi monarch, Mwami (King) [[Kigeli V of Rwanda|Kigeli V]].

In November 1959, Tutsis{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} tried to assassinate Kayibanda. Rumors of the death of Hutu politician [[Dominique Mbonyumutwa]] at the hands of Tutsis, who had beaten him, set off a violent retaliation, called the [[wind of destruction]]. Hutus killed an estimated 20,000 to 100,000 Tutsi; thousands more, including the Mwami, fled to neighboring Uganda before Belgian commandos arrived to quell the violence. Tutsi leaders accused the Belgians of abetting the Hutus. A UN special commission reported racism reminiscent of "Nazism" against the Tutsi minorities, and discriminatory actions by the government and Belgian authorities.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

The revolution of 1959 marked a major change in political life in Rwanda. Some 150,000 Tutsis were exiled to neighboring countries. Tutsis who remained in Rwanda were excluded from political power in a state becoming more centralized under Hutu power. Tutsi [[refugee]]s also fled to the South Kivu province of the Congo, where they were known as ''Banyamalenge''.

In 1960, the Belgian government agreed to hold democratic municipal elections in Ruanda-Urundi. The Hutu majority elected Hutu representatives. Such changes ended the Tutsi monarchy, which had existed for centuries. A Belgian effort to create an independent Ruanda-Urundi with Tutsi-Hutu power sharing failed, largely due to escalating violence. At the urging of the UN, the Belgian government divided Ruanda-Urundi into two separate countries, Rwanda and [[Burundi]].