Editing History of Nepal (section)

==Medieval history==
===Thakuri dynasty===
{{main|Thakuri dynasty}}
After Aramudi, who is mentioned in the Kashmirian chronicle, the Rajatarangini of Kalhana (1150 CE), many Thakuri kings ruled over parts of the country up to the middle of the 12th century CE. Raghava Deva is said to have founded a ruling dynasty in 879 CE, when the Lichhavi rule came to an end. To commemorate this important event, Raghava Deva started the 'Nepal Era' which began on 20 October, 879 CE. After [[Amshuverma|Amshuvarma]], who ruled from 605 CE onward; the Thakuris had lost power and they could regain it only in 869 CE.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Gunakama Deva, who ruled from 949 to 994 CE, commissioned the construction of a big wooden shelter, built from the wood of a single tree, called ''[[Kasthamandap]]a.'' The name of the capital, 'Kathmandu', is derived from this. Gunakama Deva founded the town Kantipur (modern-day Kathmandu). The tradition of [[Yenya|Indra Jatra]] started during his reign. Bhola Deva succeeded Gunakama Deva. The next ruler was Laxmikama Deva who ruled from 1024 to 1040 CE. He built the Laksmi Vihara and introduced the tradition of worshiping the [[Kumari (goddess)|Kumari]]; young prepubescent girls believed to be manifestations of the divine female energy or [[devi]]. He was succeeded by his son, Vijayakama Deva, who introduced the worship of the ''Naga'' and ''Vasuki''. Vijaykama Deva was the last ruler of this dynasty. After his death, the Thakuri clan of Nuwakot occupied the throne of Nepal.

Bhaskara Deva, a Thakuri from Nuwakot, succeeded Vijayakama. He is said to have built Navabahal and Hemavarna Vihara. After Bhaskara Deva, four kings of this line ruled over the country. They were Bala Deva, Padma Deva, Nagarjuna Deva and Shankara Deva. Shankara Deva (1067–1080 CE) was the most illustrious ruler of this dynasty. He established the image of 'Shantesvara Mahadeva' and 'Manohara Bhagavati'. The custom of pasting the pictures of Nagas and Vasuki on the doors of houses on the day of [[Naga Panchami|Nagapanchami]] was introduced by him. During his rule, the Buddhists wreaked vengeance on the Hindu Brahmins (especially the followers of Shaivism) for the harm they had received earlier from the [[Shankaracharya]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} Shankara Deva tried to pacify the Brahmins harassed by the Buddhists.

Bama Deva, a descendant of Amshuvarma, defeated Shankar Deva in 1080 CE. He suppressed the Nuwakot-Thankuris with the help of nobles and restored the old Solar Dynasty rule in Nepal for the second time. Harsha Deva, the successor of Bama Deva was a weak ruler. There was no unity among the nobles and they asserted themselves in their respective spheres of influence. Taking that opportunity Nanya Deva, a Karnat dynasty king, attacked Nuwakot from Simraungarh. The army successfully defended and won the battle. After Harsha Deva, Shivadeva the third ruled from 1099 to 1126 CE. He founded the town of Kirtipur and roofed the temple of Pashupatinath with gold. He introduced twenty-five paisa coins. After Sivadeva III, Mahendra Deva, Mana Deva, Narendra Deva II, Ananda Deva, Rudra Deva, Amrita Deva, Ratna Deva II, Somesvara Deva, Gunakama Deva II, Lakmikama Deva III and Vijayakama Deva II ruled Nepal in quick succession.  Historians differ about the rule of several kings and their respective times. After the fall of the Thakuri dynasty, a new dynasty was founded by Arideva or Ari Malla, known as the 'Malla dynasty'.

===Malla dynast''y <small>(Not to be confused from the khas mallas to the mallas from the kathmandu valley)</small>''===
{{main|Malla dynasty (Nepal)}}
Early [[Malla dynasty (Nepal)|Malla]] rule started with [[Arimalla|Ari Malla]] in the 12th century. Over the next two centuries, his kingdom expanded widely, into much of the Indian subcontinent and western Tibet, before disintegrating into small principalities, which later came to be known as the [[Baise Rajya]].

[[Jayasthiti Malla]], with whom commences the later Malla dynasty of the Kathmandu valley, began to reign at the end of the 14th century.This era in the valley is eminent for the various social and economic reforms such as the [[Sanskritisation|'Sanskritization']] of the valley people, new methods of land measurement and allocation, etc. In this era, new forms of art and architecture was introduced. The monuments in Kathmandu valley which are listed in the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s were built during Malla rule. In the 14th century, before Kathmandu was divided into 3 princely states, [[Araniko]] was sent to China upon the request of [[Abhaya Malla]] for representing the skill of art and architecture, and he introduced the Pagoda style of architecture to China and subsequently, whole of Asia. [[Jayayakshya Malla|Yaksha Malla]], the grandson of [[Jayasthitimalla|Jayasthiti Malla]], ruled the Kathmandu valley until almost the end of the 15th century. After his demise, the valley was divided into four independent kingdoms—Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Patan, and Banepa—in about 1484 CE. Banepa, however, soon came under the control of Bhaktapur. This division led the Malla rulers into internecine clashes and wars for territorial and commercial gains. Mutually debilitating wars gradually weakened them, which facilitated the conquest of the valley by [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] of [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]]. The last Malla rulers were [[Jaya Prakash Malla]], Teja Narasingha Malla and [[Ranajit Malla|Ranjit Malla]] of Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur respectively.

===Karnats of Mithila===
{{Main|Karnat dynasty}}

The Simroun, Simroon, Karnat or Dev dynasty originated with an establishment of a kingdom in 1097 CE headquartered at the medieval citadel of [[Simraungadh (medieval city)|Simraungadh]] on the India-Nepal border:<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chaudhary|first1=Radhakrishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JO4toCiJ2ecC|title=Mithilak Itihas|publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=9789380538280}}</ref>
*Nanya Dev, ruled 1097-1147 CE
*Ganga Dev, ruled 1147-1187 CE
*Narsingh Dev, ruled 1187-1227 CE
*Ramsingh Dev, ruled 1227-1285 CE
*Shaktisingh Dev, ruled 1285-1295 CE
*Harisingh Dev, ruled 1295-1324 CE
In 1324 CE, [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]] attacked Simroungarh and demolished the fort. The remains are still scattered across the Simroungarh region. The king, Harisingh Dev, fled northwards where his son, Jagatsingh Dev, was married to the widowed princess of Bhaktapur, Nayak Devi.<ref>{{cite journal| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zStRYVgAKIAC&q=simroun+mithila&pg=PA121 | journal=The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal| editor-last1=Prinsep| editor-first1=James|volume=4|issue=39|date=March 1835| title=The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Ed. By James Prinsep| last1=Prinsep| first1=James}}</ref>

===Khasa Kingdom (Khas malla kindgom)===
{{main|Khasa Kingdom}}
The Khasa Malla kings ruled western parts of Nepal during 11th–14th century.<ref name="Krishna_2009">{{cite book |author=Krishna P. Bhattarai |title=Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aArqOqBGBQC&pg=PA113 |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0523-9 |page=113 }}</ref> The language of the Khas Kingdom was [[Khas language]] and [[Sanskrit]].

After the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|siege of Chittorgarh]] in 1303, large immigration of [[Rajput]]s into Nepal occurred. Before it, few small groups of [[Rajputs]] had been entering into the region from [[Muslim invasion of India]]. These immigrants were quickly absorbed into the [[Khas community]] due to larger similarities.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===16th-Century===
{{expand section|date=September 2024}}
*[[1512 in Nepal]]