Editing History of Kuwait (section)

===Anglo-Ottoman convention (1913)===
{{main|Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913}}
Informal negotiations began on 29 July 1911 in a British memorandum sent to the Ottoman Government. By this time, it seemed likely that the terminus for the German funded and engineered [[Berlin–Baghdad railway]] would be situated in Kuwait.<ref>The original concession granted to the Baghdad Railway Company, dominated by Deutsche Bank, was an extension from Konya to Baghdad.</ref> Kuwait had been under Ottoman administration since 1871 and in 1875 was included in the [[Basra Vilayet]]. Although the sheikhdom now fell under the Empire’s jurisdiction, no Ottoman official was stationed in Kuwait.<ref>David H. Finnie, Shifting Lines in the Sand: Kuwait’s Elusive Frontier with Iraq, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), 7.</ref> Influence over Kuwait was crucial to British foreign policy in the Persian Gulf with regard to commerce and strategic interests concerning India.  

In the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, the British concurred with the Ottoman Empire in defining Kuwait as an autonomous [[kaza]] of the Ottoman Empire and that the Shaikhs of Kuwait were not independent leaders, but rather ''qaimmaqams'' (provincial sub-governors) of the Ottoman government.

The convention ruled that Sheikh Mubarak had authority over an area extending out to a radius of 80&nbsp;km, from the capital. This region was marked by a red circle and included the islands of [[Auhah Island|Auhah]], [[Bubiyan]], Failaka, [[Kubbar Island|Kubbar]], Mashian, and [[Warbah Island|Warbah]]. A green circle designated an area extending out an additional 100&nbsp;km, in radius, within which the ''qaimmaqam'' was authorized to collect [[tribute]] and taxes from the natives.

[[World War I]] disrupted elements of Kuwait's politics, society, economy and trans-regional networks.<ref>John Slight,  "Global War and its impact on the Gulf States of Kuwait and Bahrain, 1914–1918." ''War & Society'' 37#1 (2018): 21-37.  https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2017.1412185</ref>